Editing Bird Postures


'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">WARNING: Do not cite this page as a reference. This page is on this wikispace only to make the content "searchable" and easier to find. If you find the information you seek here, go to the original sources to verify the information and use them for your documentation.</span>'''
''<span style="background-color: #eef3f6; color: #222222; font-family: monospace;">Revised {$revisiondate}.</span>''
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<span style="line-height: 1.5;">See also [[scaheraldry/Wing|Wing]], [[Bird]].</span>
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=Period Illustrations:= 
==Displayed:== 
{|
| [[File:http:''www.sofyalarus.info/heraldicart/ZachariasBartsch_f77_goat-eagle.JPG|232x268px|Zacharias]] || [[File:http:''www.sofyalarus.info/heraldicart/ZachariasBartsch_f79_sickles-eagle-mount.JPG|217x324px|Zacharias]] ||   
|}


{|
| [[File:http:''www.sofyalarus.info/heraldicart/ZachariasBartsch_f60_possible-noneagle-displayed.JPG|281x346px|Zacharias]] || [[File:http:''www.sofyalarus.info/heraldicart/BSB312Scheibler_444_Rindscheit_possible-noneagle-displayed.JPG|165x299px|BSB]] ||   
|}


{|
| [[File:ZachariasBartsch_038r_owldisplayed.jpg|334x431px|Zacharias]] || [[File:scaheraldry/ZachariasBartsch_151r_gate_dovedisplayed.jpg|344x439px|Zacharias]] ||   
|}



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=SENA= 
==Armory Conflict (SENA A.5.G.7.a.)== 
"Changes that distinctly affect the number of extended wings (from wings folded to raised, or from wings seen on one side of the body to both sides) are sufficient for a distinct change."
http://heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#A5G7a
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=='''Appendix L: A Partial List of Postures and Orientations'''== 
This is a list of postures and orientations that can be used to determine whether two charges or groups of charges conflict or whether there is a distinct change for posture/orientation.
'''Animate Charges'''
B. Birds: The postures listed within each group generally conflict, though a distinct change may be given for facing to dexter or to sinister.
* close, naiant
* displayed, migrant
* volant
* rousant, rising, striking [rousant is basically the same as rising but refers to swans - http://mistholme.com/dictionary/swan/]
=== === 
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=From the Quick Reference: Bird Postures= 
- [[@http://heraldry.sca.org/armory/bird-postures.html]]

{|
|''' Posture '''||''' Defining traits '''||''' stylised drawing '''||''' Example '''
|-
| Displayed || Wings and legs splayed || [[File:http:''heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/bird1.gif]] || [[File:http:''heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/eagledisplayed.gif]] 
|-
| Close || Wings close against the body and feet on ground || [[File:http:''heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/bird2.gif]] || [[File:http:''heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/falconclose.gif]] 
|-
| Volant || Feet invisible, wings outstretched. Wings can be displayed or not. || [[File:http:''heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/bird3.gif]] || [[File:http:''heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/volant.gif]] 
|-
| Rising || Feet on ground, wings elevated or displayed, addorsed or not. || [[File:http:''heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/bird4.gif]] || [[File:http:''heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/addorsed.gif]] 
|-
| Close affronty or
|-
|Close guardant || Normally only for owls - this is their default posture || [[File:http:''heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/bird5.gif]] || [[File:http:''heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/owl.gif]] 
|-
| Pride || seen only with Peacocks. Close affronty with tailfeathers displayed ||   || [[File:http://heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/peacock.gif]] 
|-
| Vigilance || seen only with Cranes. Close with one leg raised, stone in claw ||   || [[File:http://heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/cranevig.gif]] 
|-
| Vulning or Piety || seen only with Pelicans..normally with nest and chicks ||   || [[File:http://heraldry.sca.org/armory/postures/pelican.gif]] 
|-
|== == 
|}


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==<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.5;">'''From "Heraldry: Blazonry of Creatures"''' </span>== 
'''by Eldred Ælfwald'''

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">'''Beasts of the Air (birds or monsters that are mostly wing)'''</span>
[[File:http://dragon_azure.tripod.com/images/Image22.gif|430x294px|right]]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''rising''': wings are open, as if the bird is taking off. There are a variety of postures and wing positions associated with ''rising.'' In some cases the bird is seen from the side. In other cases it is seen from the front. The phoenix is always blazoned as '''''rising''''' and always seems to be displayed '''''affronty'''''. The head could be up or down.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''addorsed''': both wings are behind the bird's head in a natural posture. See '''''displayed''''' for additional modifiers.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''displayed''': wings outstretched to either side of the avian. When the wings are displayed or addorsed, there are two ways that they may be shown: '''elevated'''--with the wing tips up (typical of Continental armory);'''inverted'''--with wing tips down (typical of English armory). Within the SCA, there is no difference given between elevated and inverted wings.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''close''': wings are closed. A peacock close is blazoned '''''pavonated'''''. ''Close'' is a common attitude for "lesser" birds. '''Note''': any raptor close will probably be blazoned as a falcon. A bat close will be depicted '''''affronty''''', and an owl close is usually depicted '''''guardant'''''.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''striking, rousant, trussing''': raptor in flight with head down and talons out stretched to grasp. In period armory, this was blazoned as '''''rousant''''' or '''''trussing'''''. May be enhanced with another bird (usually lying close fesswise) as "preying upon an X".</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''affronty''': as with land beasts, avians can be shown affronty. Some such as the owl and the bat are much more identifiable this way. However, their heads will typically be seen in profile.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''statant''':this posture is normally reserved for long-legged avians such as the heron and the crane.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''in her piety''': reserved for pelicans, the pelican is shown beak to breast with blood dropping to pelican chicks.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''in its vigilance''': reserved for cranes, it is shown with head up and one leg raised grasping a rock.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''in his pride''': reserved for peacocks, it is shown statant affronty with the tail feathers spread.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''volant''': as if the bird were in flight. There are a variety of ways to position the wings. The normally accepted practice is to show the bird as if it were banking or circling. When depicted as shown below, this matches standard period heraldic practice'''.''' Brooke-Little notes that this was once a synonym for '''''rising''''' but in modern heraldry volant is distingushed from '''''rising'''''by the bird's feet not being visible.</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''naiant''': this is used in the SCA to describe waterfowl that are "swimming"</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">'''migrant:''' a bird in flight palewise, viewed from the top (similar to ''tergiant//). This appears to be an SCA invention--and it is virtually indistinguishable from //displayed''.</span>
[[http://dragon_azure.tripod.com/UoA/AnimalBlazonry.html]]
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=Precedents:= 
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Precedents of the SCA College of Arms - [[http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents.html]]</span>
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Morsulus Heralds Website - [[http://www.morsulus.org/]] (to search the LoARs and Precedents)</span>
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Restatement Wiki - [[http://yehudaheraldry.com/restatement/index.php?title=Main_Page]] (restatements of Precedents)</span>
''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">'''Use the above links to be sure any precedents listed below haven't been superseded by newer precedents.'''</span>''


==Definition:== 

===December 2012 - Hummingbirds Volant, Rising, and Hovering=== 
A question on one of this month's submissions caused us to investigate the postures of hummingbirds registered in the Society. There are currently 41 pieces of armory with one or more hummingbirds: 1 is close, 1 is migrant, 3 are displayed, 8 are blazoned as volant, 27 are blazoned as rising, and 1 is blazoned as hovering.

An examination of the volant, rising, and hovering hummingbirds showed that we have inconsistently blazoned the various postures. Birds in the ''hovering'' posture unique to the hummingbird - body erect but embowed, wings addorsed, tail tucked forward under the body - have been variously blazoned as rising or volant (and yes, once as hovering). We also found hummingbirds blazoned as ''volant'' that are in the posture the Society identifies as ''rising''.

While the term ''hovering'' isn't an heraldic posture, neither is ''stooping'' or ''striking'' (which we equate, for conflict purposes, with volant bendwise and rising, respectively). While we are reluctant to use SCA-unique terminology in blazon, ''hovering'' is the best term that describes that unique hummingbird posture. We note that certain period heraldic charges had special terms for postures uniquely (at least in ''period'' heraldry) associated with them, for example, stags ''at gaze'' and goats ''clymant''. In order to ensure that the emblazon is recreated from the blazon, we are adopting the term ''hovering'' for hummingbirds. The three postures can be described as:
* ''Hovering'': the wings addorsed, the body sort of palewise but embowed, and the tail tucked forward under the belly. This term may ''only'' be applied to hummingbirds. It is granted no difference from ''rising''.
* ''Rising'': the body bendwise, wings elevated and addorsed. In other words, the bird is "taking off" from the ground. If present, the feet are shown beneath or slightly in front of the bird. The feet are generally absent for hummingbirds, though they are almost always present for other birds.
* ''Volant'': the body is more or less horizontal, the wings spread on either side of the body. If the wings are addorsed this must be specified. A bird volant (wings spread) is a CD from a bird rising.
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">We wish to remind submitters that the use of a hummingbird is a step from period practice.</span>
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2007/12/07-12cl.html

===March 2011 - vigilance only for cranes:=== 
[[#23]]Constantine Trewpeny. Name and device. Per chevron sable and gules, three cranes in their vigilance argent.
While the submitter wanted the birds blazoned as ''herons'', they are unmistakably ''cranes'': herons have a tuft of feathers on their head. They are also in a posture, ''in their vigilance'', that is only used for cranes.
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2011/03/11-03lar.html

===October 2010 - stooping vs striking:=== 
Padruig of Calontir. Per bend sinister gules and argent, a falcon stooping contourny counterchanged maintaining in its talons a bow and hammer azure, a bordure counterchanged. Blazoned on the Letter of Intent as ''striking'', a bird in a striking posture has its head up and tail down, whereas a bird in a stooping posture has its head down and tail up, as in this depiction; more typically the feet in a stooping posture are swept back, not forward, but either is allowable.
[[http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2011/10/11-10lar.html]]

===December 2007 - Hummingbird Postures:===
From Wreath: Hummingbirds Volant, Rising, and Hovering
A question on one of this month's submissions caused us to investigate the postures of hummingbirds registered in the Society. There are currently 41 pieces of armory with one or more hummingbirds: 1 is close, 1 is migrant, 3 are displayed, 8 are blazoned as volant, 27 are blazoned as rising, and 1 is blazoned as hovering.

An examination of the volant, rising, and hovering hummingbirds showed that we have inconsistently blazoned the various postures. Birds in the hovering posture unique to the hummingbird - body erect but embowed, wings addorsed, tail tucked forward under the body - have been variously blazoned as rising or volant (and yes, once as hovering). We also found hummingbirds blazoned as volant that are in the posture the Society identifies as rising.

*While the term hovering isn't an heraldic posture, neither is stooping or striking (which we equate, for conflict purposes, with volant bendwise and rising, respectively). While we are reluctant to use SCA-unique terminology in blazon, hovering is the best term that describes that unique hummingbird posture. We note that certain period heraldic charges had special terms for postures uniquely (at least in period heraldry) associated with them, for example, stags at gaze and goats clymant. In order to ensure that the emblazon is recreated from the blazon, we are adopting the term hovering for hummingbirds. The three postures can be described as:

*Hovering: the wings addorsed, the body sort of palewise but embowed, and the tail tucked forward under the belly. This term may only be applied to hummingbirds. It is granted no difference from rising.

*Rising: the body bendwise, wings elevated and addorsed. In other words, the bird is "taking off" from the ground. If present, the feet are shown beneath or slightly in front of the bird. The feet are generally absent for hummingbirds, though they are almost always present for other birds.

*Volant: the body is more or less horizontal, the wings spread on either side of the body. If the wings are addorsed this must be specified. A bird volant (wings spread) is a CD from a bird rising.

We wish to remind submitters that the use of a hummingbird is a step from period practice.
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2007/12/07-12cl.html

===February 2007 stooping vs striking:=== 
Balin Kendrick. Quarterly azure and gules, two eagles stooping respectant and a two-horned anvil Or.
As defined for SCA use (in the LoAR Cover Letters of July and Aug 1986), ''stooping'' is reserved for when the raptor is "dive-bombing", falling on its prey: wings swept back, body vertical or diagonal with head down. ''Striking'' is the moment when the raptor comes out of its stoop, its feet ready to grab or punch the prey: body diagonal with head up, heraldically equivalent to ''rising''.
[[http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2007/02/07-02lar.html]]

===November 2006 - displayed:=== 
Syban Khal. Device. Sable, on a plate a Russian firebird volant palewise head to sinister gules within a bordure rayonny argent. "This device is returned for a redraw. ...In addition, the bird is not displayed, as blazoned on the LoI: that posture is specifically defined to have the feet stick out on either side of the body, and this bird has no feet."
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2006/11/06-11lar.html

===February 2002 - passant vs close:=== 
"A bird passant, that is to say, with one leg raised, is considered an unblazoned variant of close"
[[http:''www.sca.org/heraldry/loar/1996/02/lar.html|February 1996 LoAR]] & [[http:''sca.org/heraldry/loar/2002/02/02-02lar.html|February 2002 LoAR]]

===May 1980 - vigilance:=== 
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">Kingdom of Ansteorra for The Sable Crane of Ansteorra. Or, a crane in its vigilance sable, armed, orbed, membered, crested and throated Or, fimbriated sable, bearing in its dexter claw a mullet of five greater and five lesser points sable.</span>
Note: A crane in its vigilance is statant with its dexter foreleg upraised.
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/1980/05/lar.htm

===August 1977 - stooping:=== 
"Stooping" means that the bird is seen affronty, its wings addorsed and its talons extended as if about to pounce on something. (KFW, 11 Aug 77 [14], p. 1)
http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/karina/karinacombined.html#stooping

==Registerability:== 
(Restricted, Reserved, SFPP, OOP)

===November 2012 - non-eagles displayed:=== 
From Wreath: Blazoning Fun -- Non-Eagles Displayed
We have long held that the use of any bird other than an eagle in the displayed posture is a step from period practice. The January 2000 Cover Letter stated that "with vanishingly rare exceptions the eagle is the only bird found displayed in period heraldry. Therefore any other bird displayed will arguably be visually similar to an eagle..." This visual similarity affects how much difference we can grant when considering conflict between a non-eagle displayed and an eagle displayed. In the case of a _raven displayed_, a fairly popular charge lately, versus an _eagle displayed_, there is neither a substantial nor a distinct change.</span>

There is, however, a blazonable difference between a non-eagle displayed and an eagle displayed. It is important to remember that we register the picture, the emblazon, not the words, the blazon. The blazon must be able to accurately describe the submitted emblazon. If we cannot tell from the submitted emblazon that a displayed bird is not an eagle, it will be reblazoned as an eagle. Ravens will typically have a long straight beak, no crest on the head, and occasionally shaggy or hairy feathers. In order for a _raven displayed_ to be identified as such, it is suggested that as many non-eagle attributes as possible be used.</span>
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2012/11/12-11cl.html

==Conflict:== 

===May 2014 - volant vs close:=== 
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">From Wreath: Volant and Substantial Difference</span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">This month we ruled that a bird ''volant// had substantially different posture from a bird //close//. SENA A5E5a does not currently list the //volant// posture in one of its groups of postures that receive substantial difference from other groups of postures. Look for a Palimpsest rules letter to further discuss whether or not //volant'' should be added in general to SENA A5E5a, and if so, under what circumstances.</span>
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2014/05/14-05cl.html

===November 2012 - non-eagles displayed:=== 
From Wreath: Blazoning Fun -- Non-Eagles Displayed
We have long held that the use of any bird other than an eagle in the displayed posture is a step from period practice. The January 2000 Cover Letter stated that "with vanishingly rare exceptions the eagle is the only bird found displayed in period heraldry. Therefore any other bird displayed will arguably be visually similar to an eagle..." This visual similarity affects how much difference we can grant when considering conflict between a non-eagle displayed and an eagle displayed. In the case of a _raven displayed_, a fairly popular charge lately, versus an _eagle displayed_, there is neither a substantial nor a distinct change.

There is, however, a blazonable difference between a non-eagle displayed and an eagle displayed. It is important to remember that we register the picture, the emblazon, not the words, the blazon. The blazon must be able to accurately describe the submitted emblazon. If we cannot tell from the submitted emblazon that a displayed bird is not an eagle, it will be reblazoned as an eagle. Ravens will typically have a long straight beak, no crest on the head, and occasionally shaggy or hairy feathers. In order for a _raven displayed_ to be identified as such, it is suggested that as many non-eagle attributes as possible be used.
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2012/11/12-11cl.html

===August 2007 and January 2002 - period postures:=== 
"There is no difference between the falcon and the Cornish chough."[[http://sca.org/heraldry/loar/2002/01/02-01lar.html|January 2002 LoAR]]
'''BUT...''' "Normally a detail as small as a beak would not be grounds for a CD; however, RfS X.4.e states in part "Types of charges considered to be separate in period, for example a lion and an heraldic tyger, will be considered different." As a merlin/falcon close and a raven close are both period heraldic charges, in their period posture (close), and as period heralds consistently distinguished, in their heraldic art, the birds in these positions, we will grant a CD between a merlin/falcon close and a raven close."http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2007/08/07-08cl.html|August 2007 LoAR Cover Letter

===March 2003 - head position=== 
"There is no difference in posture between these birds except for the head position, which is insufficient for posture difference by RfS X.4.h."
http://sca.org/heraldry/loar/2003/03/03-03lar.html

==Identifiability:== 

===August 2003 - winged head cabossed:=== 
[[#139]]Mora de Buchanan. '''Device. Per chevron purpure and vert, a winged owl's head cabossed and in chief a crescent argent.'''
Some members of the College did not find the owl's head as drawn here to be identifiable. We note that this is a very stylized depiction of an owl's head, without a clearly drawn beak or eyes.
Those members of the College who were able to identify the owl's head all perceived this "winged owl's head cabossed" as a depiction of an owl flying straight out of the shield towards the viewer. While the SCA does register many winged objects, such as winged swords, they generally cannot be perceived as anything other than a winged object. When one adds wings to a bird's head cabossed, one does not perceive a winged bird's head, but one perceives an entire bird seen flying towards the viewer, which is to say, a bird ''volant affronty//. Previous precedent notes that "The posture //volant affronty'' has been ruled unsuitable for use in heraldry on at least two occasions ... on the grounds that it is "inherently unidentifiable"... in those case[s] the returns involved birds... [This return was of a demi-pegasus.]" (LoAR February 1998 p. 18).
Pleae advise the submitter that, if she plans to resubmit using an owl's head, she should draw it as a more standard heraldic owl's head to avoid the identifiability problems in this submission.
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2003/08/03-08lar.html

=='''<u>Collected Precedents:</u>'''== 
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Tenure of Elisabeth de Rossignol (May 2005 - July 2008)</span>'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;"> - na</span>

'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The 2nd Tenure of François la Flamme (October 2004 - May 2005) - na</span>'''
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Tenure of Shauna of Carrick Point (May 2004 - August 2004) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/shauna/armory.html|Collected Armory Precedents]]</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Tenure of François la Flamme (August 2001 - April 2004) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/francois/wreath.html|Collected Armory Precedents]]</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Tenure of Elsbeth Anne Roth (June 1999 - July 2001) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/elsbeth/armory.html|Collected Armory Precedents]]</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Tenure of Jaelle of Armida (June 1996 - June 1999) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/jaeprec.html|Single HTML Document]]</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The 2nd Tenure of Da'ud ibn Auda (November 1993 - June 1996) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud2/volume3.html|the 1st part]]</span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> (Nov 1993 - June 1994) and </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud2/daudIITOC.html|the 2nd part]]</span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> (July 1994 - June 1996)</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Tenure of Bruce Draconarius of Mistholme (June 1992 - October 1993) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/bruce/|Collected precedents]]</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The 1st Tenure of Da'ud ibn Auda (June 1990 - June 1992) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud/daud1toc.html|the 1st year]]</span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> (June 1990 - June 1991) and </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud/daud1btoc.html|the 2nd year]]</span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> (July 1991 - June 1992)</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Tenure of Alisoun MacCoul of Elphane (September 1986 - June 1990) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/alisoun/AMETOP.html|Collected Precedents]]</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Tenure of Baldwin of Erebor (August 1984 - August 1986) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/baldwin.html|Single HTML Document]]</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Tenure of Wilhelm von Schlüssel (August 1979 - August 1984) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/wilhelm/volume3.html|Collected Precedents]]</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Tenure of Karina of the Far West (December 1975 - June 1979) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/karina/volume2.html|Collected Precedents]]</span>
'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The Early Days (June 1971 - June 1975) -</span>''' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/early/volume1.html|Collected Precedents]]</span>