Editing Baltic Names

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'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.5;">WARNING: Do not cite this page as a reference. This page is on this wikispace only to make the content "searchable" and easier to find. If you find the information you seek here, go to the original sources to verify the information and use them for your documentation.</span>'''
''<span style="background-color: #eef3f6; color: #222222; font-family: monospace;">Revised {$revisiondate}.</span>''
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This naming group includes: [[Lithuanian Names]], Latvian, Estonian, etc. See also [[Finnic Names]] .
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=<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sources:</span>= 

<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Academy of St. Gabriel - [[http://s-gabriel.org/names/baltic.shtml]]</span>

<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Laurel Name Articles - </span>[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/|http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/]]

"Medieval Latvian Given Names" by Aryanhwy merch Catmael (Sara L. Uckelman) - <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">[[@http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/other/latvian.html]]</span>

"<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;,tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5;">Names of Estonians from the Schultbok of Helmich Ficke" by ffride wlffsdotter (Rebecca Lucas) </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #3b5998; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;,tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[[@http://s-gabriel.org/names/ffride/kivimae-names.html]]</span>

=== === 
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==Appendix A: Patterns That Do Not Need Further Documentation'''==

https://heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA

= = 
[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA|http:''heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA]] (as of 12 October 2013)

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">'''Baltic'''</span>
{|
|   || '''Double Given Names''' || '''Locative''' || '''Patronymic''' || '''Other relationship''' || '''Descriptive/'''
|}


'''Occupational''' {|
| '''Dictus''' || '''Double Bynames''' || '''Order''' 
|-
| '''Lithuanian, Latvian, etc.''' || Late; 14th cen. and after ||   || Yes; N B''s.nus'' ||   ||   || Late; 14th cen. and after ||   || given+patronymic
|}


given+''alias''+given

given+''alias''+given+pat {|
|
|-
|<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">'''Note''': In late period, some other family names are found, but must be documented individually.</span>
|-
|----
|-
|=='''Appendix C: Regional Naming Groups and Their Mixes'''== 
|-
|http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/sena.html#AppendixC
|-
| '''Regional Groups:''' || '''By Time Period:''' || '''Languages Included In This Group:''' || '''Can Be Combined With Groups:''' 
|-
| '''Baltic''' || 550-1100 || Lithuanian, Latvian, etc. || German
|-
|North Slavic
|-
|Russian/East Slavic/East Slavic
|-
|Scandinavian 
|-
|^   || 1100-1600 || Lithuanian, Latvian, etc. || German
|-
|North Slavic
|-
|Russian/East Slavic/East Slavic
|-
|Scandinavian 
|}


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=<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Precedents:</span>= 
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Precedents of the SCA College of Arms - [[http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents.html]]</span>
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Morsulus Herald's Website - [[http://www.morsulus.org/]] (to search the LoARs and Precedents)</span>

===May 2016 CL: Estonian Alternate Titles:=== 
===<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;">From Pelican: Estonian Alternate Titles</span>=== 
<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">This month, we were asked to consider a proposal to remove some Estonian alternate titles and to add others. We thank ffride wlffsdotter for her research.</span>
<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">ffride provided information that the Estonian language was spoken by peasants, but was recorded in German. It is more likely that the nobility in Estonia would have used Low German. Therefore, for the purposes of recreation, the use of German for an Estonian persona may be a better option.</span>
<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">Töllöö argued in commentary that the modern standardized forms of the titles should be used, rather than the period forms, as they would be more understandable and less jarring to native Estonian speakers in the Society. However, in recent years, the Society has been replacing modern titles with period forms whenever possible in the official list of alternate titles. Therefore, we will continue to do so, as it allows for better recreation, although we note that the Society structure of awards does not perfectly "map" to how the real-world titles were used in our period. Members of the Society can continue to use the modern forms if they prefer.</span>
<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">We have provided the normalized forms for informational purposes if they differ from the form already on the alternate titles list.</span>
<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">The following changes are made:</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''Duke// - //Hertsog// is replaced with //Erzog''.</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''Duchess// - //Hertsoginna// is replaced with //Erzogi Prawwa//. (The normalized form is //Hertsogi proua''.)</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''King// - in addition to //Kuningas//, the spellings //Kunningas// and //Kunninkas// are added. (The normalized form is //Kuningas''.)</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''Queen// - //Kuninganna// is replaced with //Kunninga Prawwa// (The normalized form is //Kuninga proua''.)</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''Prince// - //Prints// is replaced with //Först// and //Würst//. (The normalized form is //Vürst// or //Pärivürst'', where the latter is appropriate for the heir of a kingdom.)</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''Princess// - //Printsess// is replaced with //Würsti Prawwa//. (The normalized forms are //Vürsti proua//, //Vürstinna//, and //Pärivürstinna''.)</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''Master// - //Meister// is replaced with //Issand//. (The normalized form is //Isand//. We note that //Meister'' is also a gender-neutral modern form.)</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''Mistress// - //Naismeister// is replaced with //Emmand//. (The normalized form is //Emand//. We note that //Meister'' is also a gender-neutral modern form.)</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''Knight// - //Rüütel// is replaced with //Rutl''.</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''Lord// - //Lord// is replaced with //Issand//. (The normalized form is //Isand''.)</span>
* <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">''Lady// - //Leedi// is replaced with //Prawwa//. (The normalized form is //Proua''.)</span>

==='''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">July 2013 CL:</span>''' '''Name Resources'''=== 
Continuing with the Eastern European theme, this month I'd like to highlight some new resources for documenting Baltic names. We normally refer to the Baltic states as modern Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. However, linguistically the situation is somewhat different. Lithuanian and Latvian are "Baltic languages," related to other Slavic languages. We have resources for Lithuanian, and to a lesser extent Latvian, names. Estonian is related to Finnish and we know of no useful resources for documenting period names.
A little history: the area was for most of our period part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In that area, a variety of languages were spoken and written, mostly Lithuanian, Polish, and Ruthenian (also known as Chancery Slavonic, and the ancestor of modern Ukrainian and Belarusian). The last was written in Cyrillic, the other two in the Latin alphabet. Sometimes documents were also written in Latin and German, but mostly for communication with outside states.
Until relatively recently, our best resource for Lithuanian names was an article from the English language journal Lituanus: "Lithuanian Names," by the mundane scholar William Schmalstieg (http:''www.lituanus.org/1982_3/82_3_01.htm). However, recently, ffride wlffsdotter (Goutte d'Eau) has published a pair of articles. The first is "16th and early 17th C. feminine names from Lithuanian records" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/ffride/lithuanianwomen.html). The second is "Early 17th century bynames of bridegrooms, from a wedding register from Lankeliskiai parish, Lithuania" (http:''www.s-gabriel.org/names/ffride/lithuaniangrooms.html). These new articles represent a substantial increase in our knowledge of Lithuanian names, and we hope she continues to find resources to mine.
<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">So, what's in these resources? Early Lithuanian names were dithemic (made from the joining of two themes or stems), like the masculine Kantibutas or Jovirdas. As Christianity (both Orthodox and Catholic) spread in Lithuania by the 11th century, Christian names from East and West became more common. In the late 14th century, Catholicism became the official state religion. Through this time, a variety of "Christian" names were introduced and became common. By late period, most people appear to have Christian names: the most common women's names in ffride's article are Anna, Kataryna, and Zofiia.</span>
Family names as such appear by the late 14th century, but will still not be universal by the end of our period. Early bynames are mostly patronymic in form, such as the c. 1400 Dravenio s{u-}nus or the gray period Mikailunos. In Ruthenian context, bynames of relationship are rather like those in Russian, using forms like M{i-}kolaevna and sometimes adding words like dochka "daughter" (cognate with Russian doch'). See ffride's "16th and early 17th C. feminine names from Lithuanian records" for more details on these constructions.
Other kinds of bynames are found as well. In ffride's article on feminine names article, descriptive bynames are found. Additionally, women are described as relatives (wives, daughters, etc.) of men using masculine occupational descriptions that may be bynames. Another byname pattern found in the period around Christianization is the use of two given names, one Christian and one "native Lithuanian," connected with alias or unmarked, such as the Latinized Michael alias Minegal or Joannes Gosztowdo, both from the late 14th or early 15th century.
Latvia has a rather different history, as it falls under German control by around 1200. Riga will become part of the Hanseatic League and German and Latin will be the languages of record for most of the Middle Ages. A partial list of Latvian given names was created by Aranhwy merch Catmael, "Medieval Latvian Given Names" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/other/latvian.html). These names are mostly Christian, even in the 13th century. This may reflect the earlier Christianization of Latvia and/or the greater German influence there.
There are no online sources for Latvian family names. However, the book Die Rigaer und Revaler Familiennamen im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Herkunft der Bürger, by Liselotte Feyerabend (Köln: Böhlau, 1985) has information about 14th and 15th century family names in Riga. Most of them are German, but there are some examples of
[[http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2013/07/13-07cl.html]]

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[[File:Logocaption.jpg|right]]
 '''WARNING: Do not cite this page as a reference. This page is on this wiki only to make the content "searchable" and easier to find. If you find the information you seek here, go to the original sources (generally linked) to verify the information and use them for your documentation.'''

[[Category:Names]] [[Category:Cultures]] [[Category:Need Work]]
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{BoilerplateHeader}}
+<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">
+</span>
+'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.5;">WARNING: Do not cite this page as a reference. This page is on this wikispace only to make the content "searchable" and easier to find. If you find the information you seek here, go to the original sources to verify the information and use them for your documentation.</span>'''
+''<span style="background-color: #eef3f6; color: #222222; font-family: monospace;">Revised {$revisiondate}.</span>''
+----
 This naming group includes: [[Lithuanian Names]], Latvian, Estonian, etc. See also [[Finnic Names]] .
 ----
 =<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sources:</span>=
-<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Academy of St. Gabriel - http://s-gabriel.org/names/baltic.shtml</span>
+<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Academy of St. Gabriel - [[http://s-gabriel.org/names/baltic.shtml]]</span>
-Laurel Name Articles - http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/
+<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Laurel Name Articles - </span>[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/|http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/]]
-"Medieval Latvian Given Names" by Aryanhwy merch Catmael (Sara L. Uckelman) - http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/other/latvian.html
+"Medieval Latvian Given Names" by Aryanhwy merch Catmael (Sara L. Uckelman) - <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">[[@http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/other/latvian.html]]</span>
-"Names of Estonians from the Schultbok of Helmich Ficke" by ffride wlffsdotter (Rebecca Lucas) http://s-gabriel.org/names/ffride/kivimae-names.html
+"<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;,tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5;">Names of Estonians from the Schultbok of Helmich Ficke" by ffride wlffsdotter (Rebecca Lucas) </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #3b5998; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;,tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[[@http://s-gabriel.org/names/ffride/kivimae-names.html]]</span>
-==Appendix A: Patterns That Do Not Need Further Documentation==
+=== ===
+----
+==Appendix A: Patterns That Do Not Need Further Documentation'''==
-https://heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA  ''(as of 15 January 2022)''
+https://heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA
-'''Baltic'''
+= =
-{| class="wikitable"
+[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA|http:''heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA]] (as of 12 October 2013)
-|
-|'''Double Given Names'''
-|'''Locative'''
-|'''Patronymic'''
-|'''Other relationship'''
-|'''Descriptive/Occupational'''
-|'''Dictus'''
-|'''Double Bynames'''
-|'''Order'''
-|-
-|'''Estonian'''
-|
-|Yes, pre-pended and post-pended
-|Yes, marked or unmarked, including patronymics from father's descriptive and occupational byname
-|Wife
-|Yes
-|
-|Yes (patronymic+locative)
-|given+byname
-byname+given
+<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">'''Baltic'''</span>
+{|
+|   || '''Double Given Names''' || '''Locative''' || '''Patronymic''' || '''Other relationship''' || '''Descriptive/'''
+|}
-given+patronymic+locative
-|-
-|'''Latvian'''
-|No
-|Yes, adjectival or unmarked (see note)
-|Yes, marked or unmarked (see note)
-|Wife (see note)
-|Yes, adjectival or unmarked (see note)
-|No
-|No
-|given+byname
-|-
-|'''Lithuanian'''
-|Late; 14th cen. and after
-|Adjectival (see notes)
-|Yes (see notes)
-|Husband (see notes)
-|Yes
-|Yes, dictus and alias (see notes)
-|Yes, one is a locative
-|given+given
-given+byname
+'''Occupational''' {|
+| '''Dictus''' || '''Double Bynames''' || '''Order'''
-given+locative+occupational
-given+patronymic+locative
 |-
-|'''Livonian'''
+| '''Lithuanian, Latvian, etc.''' || Late; 14th cen. and after ||   || Yes; N B''s.nus'' ||   ||   || Late; 14th cen. and after ||   || given+patronymic
-|No
-|
-|Yes, marked or unmarked (see note)
-|
-|Yes
-|No
-|No
-|given+byname
-byname+given
 |}
-'''Notes'''
-Estonian: Bynames based on relationship can be formed with Estonian particles, such as ''poyck/poicke'' 'son', ''tüttar'' 'daughter', ''nayne'' 'wife' or Low German ''son'', ''dochter'' 'daughter', ''wif'' 'wife' (usually with the relative's name in the genitive case, following the rules of Estonian or German grammar respectively).
-Lithuanian:
+given+''alias''+given
-Adjectival locative bynames are attested in Lithuanian, using the ending -iska with feminine names, and -iskis, -inikas, or -(i)etis with masculine names, in its grammatically required form. -iska and -iskis, like their equivalents in Polish (-ska and -ski) is roughly equivalent to "-ish" in English. -(i)etis, is similar to English "place name"-ian.
+given+''alias''+given+pat {|
+|
-Masculine patronyms, based on the father's name, included -(i)unas, -(i)unos, -aitis or -uitis ('B's son'). Alternately, the relationship could be indicated by a diminutive suffix added to their relative's name, such as -(i)ulis ('little B'). Patronymn may be derived from the father's occupational byname. Feminine patronyms are changed by adding the suffixes -(ai)czie / -itia. They are based on the father's given name or his descriptive byname.
+|-
+|<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">'''Note''': In late period, some other family names are found, but must be documented individually.</span>
-Relationship bynames (husband) are formed from the husband's given name, full name, or byname by using the suffix -iene on each part of the husband's name. In the 16th and early 17th century, the suffix -owiene is also found when the relationship is formed from the husband's given name.
+|-
+|----
-The pattern given ''dictus'' given and given ''alias'' given is known in Lithuanian. Other patterns (such as given ''alias'' given pat) need to be documented.
+|-
+|=='''Appendix C: Regional Naming Groups and Their Mixes'''==
-Livonian: Note that "Livonian" is intended to refer to the indigenous group called the Livs or Livonians, rather than the region called Livonia that encompassed modern-day Estonia and Latvia. Masculine patronymics use -''dels'' or -''poy'' 'son'.
+|-
+|http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/sena.html#AppendixC
-=='''Appendix C: Regional Naming Groups and Their Mixes'''==
+|-
-http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/sena.html#AppendixC ''(as of 15 January 2022)''
-{| class=wikitable
 | '''Regional Groups:''' || '''By Time Period:''' || '''Languages Included In This Group:''' || '''Can Be Combined With Groups:'''
 |-
-| '''Baltic''' || 550-1100 || Lithuanian, Latvian, etc. || East Slavic<br> German<br> North Slavic<br>Scandinavian
+| '''Baltic''' || 550-1100 || Lithuanian, Latvian, etc. || German
+|-
+|North Slavic
 |-
-|^   || 1100-1600 || Lithuanian, Latvian, etc. || East Slavic<br> German<br> North Slavic<br>Scandinavian
+|Russian/East Slavic/East Slavic
+|-
+|Scandinavian
+|-
+|^   || 1100-1600 || Lithuanian, Latvian, etc. || German
+|-
+|North Slavic
+|-
+|Russian/East Slavic/East Slavic
+|-
+|Scandinavian
 |}
 ----
 =<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Precedents:</span>=
 <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Precedents of the SCA College of Arms - [[http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents.html]]</span>
@@ Line 144: / Line 109: @@
 [[http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2013/07/13-07cl.html]]
-{{BoilerplateFooter}}
+----
+[[File:Logocaption.jpg|right]]
+ '''WARNING: Do not cite this page as a reference. This page is on this wiki only to make the content "searchable" and easier to find. If you find the information you seek here, go to the original sources (generally linked) to verify the information and use them for your documentation.'''
 [[Category:Names]] [[Category:Cultures]] [[Category:Need Work]]