Editing English Names


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''<span style="background-color: #eef3f6; color: #222222; font-family: monospace;">Revised {$revisiondate}.</span>''
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See also Anglo-Saxon Names.

===Miscellaneous Information:=== 
=====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><span class="messageBody" style="color: #333333; font-size: 13px;">Double last names in England?</span></span>===== 

* SENA Appendix A discusses this. It suggests that it is a late period pattern. [[http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/sena.html#AppendixA|http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/sena.html#AppendixA]]
* R&W s.n. Dreng has <Roger de Brunham le dreng> Henry III. (searchable Google e-book linked below)
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===Sources:=== 
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">English Name Articles at Academy of St. Gabriel "Medieval Names Archive" - </span><span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/english.shtml]]</span>
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Archive of St. Gabriel reports - [[http://www.panix.com/~gabriel/public-bin/archive.cgi]]</span>
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Database of medieval names (from the Medieval Names Archive) - </span>[[http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/database/]]
<span style="line-height: 1.5;">English Name Articles at SCA College of Arms Website - [[http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names.html#england|http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names.html#england]]</span>
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">IGI [[scaheraldry/Searches|Searches]], batches beginning with C, J, K, M (except M17 and M18), or P are acceptable - [[http:''familysearch.org/|http:''familysearch.org]]</span>

====General:==== 
''_The Antiquities of Shropshire_// ([[@http:''books.google.de/books?id=G1c-AQAAIAAJ]])

Bardsley, Charles Wareing Endell. ''A Dictionary of English and Welsh surnames; with special American instances//. Free eBook available on Google Books: [[http:''books.google.com/books?id=hrBWAAAAMAAJ]]

Reaney & Wilson. ''A Dictionary of English Surnames'':
[[http://books.google.com/books?id=fPoujUPs3hYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=a+dictionary+of+english+surnames&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F5yWUKz6IceL2AWu1oHQAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA]]


''British History On-line//, searchable primary sources - <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http:''www.british-history.ac.uk/Default.aspx]]</span>
A Dictionary of the First or Oldest Words in the English Language by Coleridge - [[@http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41975]]
A Dictionary of Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words by A London Antiquary - [[@http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47018]]

Glasgow Online "Historic Thesaurus of the English Language" - http://historicalthesaurus.arts.gla.ac.uk/

England's Immigrants, 1330-1550, searchable database at http://www.englandsimmigrants.com/

====Very Early Period:==== 
''The First Thousand Years of British Names// - <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http:''www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/british1000/]]</span>
''Celtic Personal Names of Roman Britain// - <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http:''www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/personalnames/]]</span>
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">Collingwood & Wright's <u>Roman Inscriptions of Britain,</u> Volume One epigraphical index: </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">[[@http://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/epindex/]]</span>

====Old English/Anglo-Saxon:==== 
''Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary// - [[http:''www.bosworthtoller.com/node/62883]]<span style="line-height: 1.5;"> - Some towns are listed for locative bynames.</span>
''The Domesday Book Online// - [[http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/|http:''www.domesdaybook.co.uk]] - the 11th century Domesday Book searchable online.
''Old English Translator// - [[http://www.oldenglishtranslator.co.uk/|http:''www.oldenglishtranslator.co.uk]]<span style="line-height: 1.5;"> - translate Modern English words to Old English, including locations. For example entering "Evesham" into the search box will result in entries for the Old English spellings of "Eofesham" and "Euesham."</span>
''The Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England (PASE)// - [[http:''www.pase.ac.uk/index.html]] - searchable database of Anglo-Saxon names.
''Some Old English Occupational Bynames// - http:''www.vikinganswerlady.com/Stars/OE_Occupational_Bynames.htm

See also [[Anglo-Saxon Names]]

====Middle English/Anglo-Norman:==== 
''Anglo-Norman Dictionary// (at the Anglo-Norman Hub) - http:''www.anglo-norman.net/

''Middle English Dictionary// - [[http:''quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/]]
''Pronunciation of Chaucer's English// - http:''sites.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/pronunciation/
''Old English Names after 1300// - <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http:''www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/english/oepost1300.html]]</span>

''Calendar of Patent Rolls//, University of Iowa search (13-15th centuries) - http:''sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/patentrolls/search.html

====Late Period:==== 
''The Soldier in Later Medieval England// - [[http:''www.medievalsoldier.org/search.php]] (unfortunately, names in the database have been standardized so spelling will need to be confirmed, although they came from period primary sources)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">''A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English//: </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #3b5998; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;">[[@http:''www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/elalme/elalme.html]]</span>

See also [[English Placenames]]

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===SENA Appendix A: Patterns That Do Not Need Further Documentation...=== 
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA|http:''heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA]] (as of 12 October 2013)</span>

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">'''English/Welsh'''</span>
{|
|   || '''Double Given Names''' || '''Locative''' || '''Patronymic''' || '''Other relationship''' || '''Descriptive/'''
|}


'''Occupational''' {|
| '''Dictus''' || '''Double Bynames''' || '''Order''' 
|-
| '''Old English''' || No || Phrase (''æX//or //of// X) || Marked, unmarked ||   || Rare || Yes; using//Cognomento'' ||   || given+byname 
|-
| '''Middle/Early Modern'''
|}


'''English''' {|
| Late || All forms: Phrase (de X, of X, atte Y, de la/del Y); unmarked, adjectival,
|}


inn sign (atte Z, of the Z) {|
| Marked, genitive alone, unmarked || Matronymic, many others, marked and unmarked || Yes, may use article ''the/le'' or omit it. || Yes; marked || Yes; all patterns late (these are generally unmarked) || given+byname
|}


given+byname+loc

given+patronym+descrip

given+byname+byname {|
|
|-
| '''Anglicized Irish''' || No ||   || Marked, multi-generation || Clan names || Rare ||   || Yes || given+byname
|}


given+pat+pat

given+patronym+clan {|
|
|-
| '''Welsh''' || Late || Phrase, unmarked || Marked, unmarked,
|}


multiple {|
|   || Yes ||   || Yes || given+byname
|}


given+pat+pat {|
|
|-
| '''Scots''' ||   || Phrase (as in English),
|}


unmarked {|
| Marked (with''Mac'' or as in English), unmarked || As in English only || Yes ||   || Yes || given+pat+ loc
|}


given+pat+pat

given+pat+descriptive {|
|
|-
|<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">'''Notes''':</span>
|-
|<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">Old English: Patronymics take form of ''X sunu/////sune// or //Xdohtor// (X is father's name in genitive); they must match the given name's gender. Alternately, they may follow the Latinized patterns. Locatives use //æ/// or //of// followed by the placename in dative form. See the introduction to Reaney and Wilson //A Dictionary of English Surnames'' for more details.</span>
|-
|<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">Middle/Early Modern English: Marked patronymics may use ''Fitz X// or //Xson//; women may use these or use //Xdaughter//. These forms may all use the father's name unmodified; //Xson// and //Xdaughter// may also use the possessive form. Alternately, they may follow the Latinized patterns. Late period family names tend to drop articles and prepositions. See the introduction to Reaney and Wilson //A Dictionary of English Surnames'' for more details.</span>
|-
|<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">Anglicized Irish: See Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada, "Names Found in Anglicized Irish Documents"(<span style="color: #006600;">[[@http://medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnglicizedIrish/]]</span>) for details of how patronymic bynames are marked.</span>
|-
|<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">Welsh: ....</span>
|-
|<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">Scots: See Black ''Surnames of Scotland'' for more details.</span>
|-
|----
|-
|===<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">'''SENA Appendix C: Regional Naming Groups and Their Mixes'''</span>=== 
|-
|<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/sena.html#AppendixC|http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/sena.html#AppendixC]]</span>
|-
| '''Regional Groups:''' || '''By Time Period:''' || '''Languages Included In This Group:''' || '''Can Be Combined With Groups:''' 
|-
| '''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">English/Welsh</span>''' || 550-1100 || <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Old English, Welsh, Cornish, Cumbric, etc.</span> || <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dutch</span>
|-
|<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">French</span>
|-
|<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Gaelic</span>
|-
|<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Scandinavian</span> 
|-
|^   || 1100-1600 || <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Middle and Modern English, Middle and Early Modern Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Anglicized Irish, Manx, etc.</span> || <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dutch</span>
|-
|<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">French</span>
|-
|<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Gaelic</span> 
|}


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===Precedents:=== 
Precedents of the SCA College of Arms - [[http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents.html]]
Morsulus Heralds Website - [[http://www.morsulus.org/]] (to search the LoARs and Precedents)
Restatement Wiki - [[http://yehudaheraldry.com/restatement/index.php?title=Main_Page]] (restatements of Precedents)
'''''Use the above links to be sure any precedents listed below haven't been superseded by newer precedents.'''''

'''Collected Precedents of the SCA: English Names -''' <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/CompiledNamePrecedents/English.html]]</span>
'''Collected Precedents of the SCA: Anglo-Saxon -''' <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/CompiledNamePrecedents/AngloSaxonOldEnglish.html]]</span>
'''Collected Precedents of the SCA: Cornish -''' <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/CompiledNamePrecedents/Cornish.html]]</span>
'''Collected Precedents of the SCA: Irish (non-Gaelic) -''' <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/CompiledNamePrecedents/IrishNonGaelic.html]]</span>
'''Collected Precedents of the SCA: Manx (non-Gaelic) -''' <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/CompiledNamePrecedents/ManxNonGaelic.html]]</span>
'''Collected Precedents of the SCA: Scottish (non-Gaelic) -''' <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/CompiledNamePrecedents/ScottishNonGaelic.html]]</span>
'''Collected Precedents of the SCA: Welsh -''' <span style="line-height: 1.5;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/CompiledNamePrecedents/Welsh.html]]</span>

===<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">February 2015 - English-German Lingual Mixes</span>=== 
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">In September 2014, we asked for commentary on whether to allow German and English to be mixed, adding them to Appendix C of SENA.</span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">SENA PN2C2c states:</span>
> The name mixes name phrases from naming pools that can be documented as having been used together in the personal names of real people; for such combinations, the name phrases must be within 300 years of one another (and within 300 years of the documented examples). For such documentation, at least three period examples must be included in which the names can only be understood as combining from separate naming pools. The borrowing of names from one naming pool into another is not sufficient to demonstrate this, nor is the translation of names into another language.
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">Commenters provided examples that appeared to show some borrowing of German given names in late period England and vice versa. However, these examples do not provide clear evidence that separate naming pools and naming practices have been combined. Several of these names are saint's names, or were borrowed from classical literature or the Bible, and were excluded from the analysis of the data. Other examples are popular across Europe in our period, so it is hard to tell if they are coming exclusively from German or English.</span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">In addition, we see the borrowing of given names, but not bynames. This can be shown in the marriage records provided in commentary. Both the brides and grooms have bynames from the same language, such as when ''Ludwig Tilbrok// married //Mary Archer// in England, or when //Andrew Weber// married //Margretha Von Leiningen// (the daughter of a //Johan Jochem Von Leiningen''). We did not find evidence of English people borrowing German bynames, or vice versa.</span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">Lastly, allowing this lingual mix means that its use would not be limited to Early Modern English and High German. We would also have to allow the combination of Middle English, Anglicized Irish, Welsh, or Scots with Low or High German from 1100 on. None of the examples presented in commentary showed how far these name patterns extended into the other languages, or that they appeared prior to the 16th century.</span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">Therefore, we will not add the English-German lingual mix to Appendix C of SENA. However, we will allow the borrowing of given names from German into English and vice versa, in the context of the 16th and early 17th centuries. An English given name that is borrowed from German is considered to be English under Appendix C, and a German given name that is borrowed from English is considered to be German.</span>
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2015/02/15-02cl.html

==='''September 2013 - Mac vs. Mc:'''=== 
From Pelican: Reconsidering Mac and Mc (and ending up at the same place)
In September 2007, Pelican ruled that Mc and M' were scribal abbreviations for Mac and hence unregisterable. Since then, we have found considerable quantities of new Scots language and Anglicized Irish data. Thus, we revisited the question of whether Mc was only an abbreviation through 1600, or if it had begun to take on life as an independent element. Alys Mackyntoich did considerable research in the Records of the Parliaments of Scotland, all of which suggested that Mc remained a variant of (and presumably abbreviation of) Mac until after the end of our period. Thus, we will not change precedent: both Mc and M' will be expanded to Mac for registration purposes. Individuals with names expanded to Mac should of course feel free to use abbreviated forms like Mc and M' as documentary forms of their name.
[[http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2013/09/13-09cl.html]]

==='''September 2102 -''' '''Given Names Derived from Family Names:'''=== 
For the last two years, we have registered given names derived from late period English family names, based on a well attested pattern. Commenters have provided dozens of examples of this pattern for masculine names, as well as several examples of this pattern for feminine names (including Smith as a feminine given name). These examples are found both in the IGI index and in Withycombe, which mentions a grey period example of a woman named Essex.

Various commenters have called for us to restrict the registration of these given names to submissions that are completely late period English names. However, this limitation would be a sharp departure from current policy.

First, we would have no grounds to place this limitation on attested given names, which would include Smith, Leach, White, Bainbridge, Guildford, and Richardson, among others. A system which would allow Smith as a given name to be registered more easily than Ashley would create confusion. Second, by long precedent we treat constructed name elements exactly as attested ones. Therefore, we will continue to register these constructed given names in any context suitable for an attested late period English given name.

We note that this pattern has not been documented in Scotland or Ireland. As such, family names only found in Scotland and Ireland cannot be used to create given names. However, many family names spread from Scotland and Ireland into England. In general, family names documented in sixteenth century England may be used to create given names, even if they are of Scottish or Gaelic origin.
[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/loar/2012/09/12-09cl.html#5|http:''heraldry.sca.org/loar/2012/09/12-09cl.html#5]]

[[Category:Need Work]]