Flaunches: Difference between revisions

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'''WARNING: Do not cite this page as a reference. This page is on this wiki only to make the content "searchable" and easier to find. If you find the information you seek here, go to the original sources to verify the information and use them for your documentation.'''


'''<span style="background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.5;">WARNING: Do not cite this page as a reference. This page is on this wiki only to make the content "searchable" and easier to find. If you find the information you seek here, go to the original sources to verify the information and use them for your documentation.</span>'''
''<span style="background-color: #eef3f6; color: #222222; font-family: monospace;">Revised {$revisiondate}.</span>''
----
----
<span style="line-height: 1.5;">Flaunches represent "flanks," that is, sides, of an under-robe which is seen through the openings of an open-sided surcote.</span>
Flaunches represent "flanks," that is, the sides of an under-robe which is seen through the openings of an open-sided surcote.


=Illustrations:=  
=Illustrations:=  
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==Modern:==  
==Modern:==  
==='''Pictorial Dictionary, 3rd edition:'''===  
==='''Pictorial Dictionary, 3rd edition:'''===  
* [http://mistholme.com/dictionary/flaunches/ Flaunches] - "Flaunches (singular “flank”) are heraldic '''<span style="color: #123b66; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">[[http://mistholme.com/dictionary/ordinaries/ ordinaries]]</span>,''' issuing from the corners of the chief, and proceeding in circular arcs to base... Flaunches always occur in pairs; there are no single flaunches. They were sometimes charged in period... Flaunches may therefore be charged in Society heraldry.
* [http://mistholme.com/dictionary/flaunches/ Flaunches] - "Flaunches (singular “flank”) are heraldic [http://mistholme.com/dictionary/ordinaries/ ordinaries], issuing from the corners of the chief, and proceeding in circular arcs to base... Flaunches always occur in pairs; there are no single flaunches. They were sometimes charged in period... Flaunches may therefore be charged in Society heraldry.


===Registered Examples:===
===Registered Examples:===
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|  ||  ||   
|  ||  ||   
|-
|-
|* <span style="line-height: 1.5;">SVG image courtesy of Sean Fulmer ():</span>
|* SVG image courtesy of Sean Fulmer:
|-
|-
|[[:File:Flaunches.svg]]
|[[File:Flaunches.svg|150px]]
|}
|}


*[http://heraldicart.org/ Book of Traceable Heraldic Art]


===Annotated [[Pennsic Traceable Art Project]]===


<span style="color: #0000ee; font-size: 14.3000001907349px;"><u>Pennsic Traceable Art Project</u></span>
=Sources:=
* Academy of St. Gabriel "Medieval Heraldry Archive" - http://www.s-gabriel.org/heraldry/
* Archive of St. Gabriel reports - [[http://www.panix.com/~gabriel/public-bin/archive.cgi]]
* Laurel Armory Articles - http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/armory_articles.html


----
=<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Other Sources:</span>=
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Academy of St. Gabriel "Medieval Heraldry Archive" - </span>http://www.s-gabriel.org/heraldry/
Archive of St. Gabriel reports - [[http://www.panix.com/~gabriel/public-bin/archive.cgi]]
Laurel Armory Articles - http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/armory_articles.html


New Heraldic Primer (Heraldry for Non-Heralds) - http://heraldry.sca.org/armory/newprimer/
* New Heraldic Primer (Heraldry for Non-Heralds) - http://heraldry.sca.org/armory/newprimer/
Pictorial Dictionary of Heraldry (PicDic), 3rd Edition - <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">[[@http://mistholme.com/pictorial-dictionary-of-heraldry]]</span> (in progress)
* Pictorial Dictionary of Heraldry (PicDic), 3rd Edition - http://mistholme.com/pictorial-dictionary-of-heraldry
[[Period Armorials]]
* [[Period Armorials]]
 


Parker's Heraldry - http://karlwilcox.com/parker/
* Parker's Heraldry - http://karlwilcox.com/parker/
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Riestap's </span>''<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Armorial Général - </span>//[[http:''www.euraldic.com/lasu/bl/bl_a_aa.html]]
* Riestap's ''Armorial Général - //http:''www.euraldic.com/lasu/bl/bl_a_aa.html


----
=Precedents:=  
=Precedents:=  
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Precedents of the SCA College of Arms - [[http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents.html]]</span>
Precedents of the SCA College of Arms - http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents.html <br>
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Morsulus Heralds Website - [[http://www.morsulus.org/]] (to search the LoARs and Precedents)</span>
Morsulus Heralds Website - http://www.morsulus.org/ (to search the LoARs and Precedents) <br>
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Restatement Wiki - [[http://yehudaheraldry.com/restatement/index.php?title=Main_Page]] (restatements of Precedents)</span>
'' '''Use the above links to be sure any precedents listed below haven't been superseded by newer precedents.'' '''
''<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">'''Use the above links to be sure any precedents listed below haven't been superseded by newer precedents.'''</span>''


==<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">[[#x--Precedents:-Definition:]]<u>'''Definition:'''</u></span>==
==Definition:==
[[File:https://oscar.sca.org/emblazons/Gleann_Abhann/2017-06/zaneta_dv_color_mini.jpg|85x121px|right]]
''(includes defaults, proper tinctures, blazoning)''
https://oscar.sca.org/emblazons/Gleann_Abhann/2017-06/zaneta_dv_color_mini.jpg


===October 2017 - flaunches start at the chief corners, return:===  
===October 2017 - flaunches start at the chief corners, return:===  
[[#171]]'''Zaneta moglie di Nicolo Marcello.''' Device. Per pale sable and azure, a spider between flaunches argent.
[[#171]]'''Zaneta moglie di Nicolo Marcello.''' Device. Per pale sable and azure, a spider between flaunches argent.
This device is returned for redraw. Flaunches should start at the chief corners of the escutcheon.
This device is returned for redraw. Flaunches should start at the chief corners of the escutcheon.
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2017/10/17-10lar.html#171
*http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2017/10/17-10lar.html#171


===July 2017 - flaunches start from the corners, redraw:===  
===July 2017 - flaunches start from the corners, redraw:===  
[[File:https://oscar.sca.org/emblazons/East/2017-03/Tassin_Device_Color.jpg|90x108px|right|Image]]
https://oscar.sca.org/emblazons/East/2017-03/Tassin_Device_Color.jpg
[[#216]]'''Tassin Tresseaul.''' Name and device. Azure, in pale three suns between flaunches Or. Registered with: "Artist's note: Please draw the flaunches issuant from the corners of the shield."
[[#216]]'''Tassin Tresseaul.''' Name and device. Azure, in pale three suns between flaunches Or. Registered with: "Artist's note: Please draw the flaunches issuant from the corners of the shield."
http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2017/07/17-07lar.html#216
* http://heraldry.sca.org/loar/2017/07/17-07lar.html#216


==='''July 1980 - differing tinctures''':===  
===July 1980 - differing tinctures allowed:===  
The flaunches must be of one color, not two. They represent "flanks," that is, sides, of an under-robe which is seen through the openings of an open-sided surcote. [November 1978 LoAR] <span style="color: #ff0000;">OVERTURNED BY:</span>It is now acceptable to have flaunches of different colors.
The flaunches must be of one color, not two. They represent "flanks," that is, sides, of an under-robe which is seen through the openings of an open-sided surcote. [November 1978 LoAR] OVERTURNED BY: It is now acceptable to have flaunches of different colors.
[[http://sca.org/heraldry/loar/1980/07/LAR.htm|July 1980 LoAR]]
[http://sca.org/heraldry/loar/1980/07/LAR.htm July 1980 LoAR]


==='''August 1977 - always in pairs''':===  
===August 1977 - always in pairs:===  
Flaunches are always borne in pairs.
Flaunches are always borne in pairs.
[[http://www.sca.org/heraldry/loar/1977/08/lar0811.html|August 1977 LoAR]]
[http://www.sca.org/heraldry/loar/1977/08/lar0811.html August 1977 LoAR]




==<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">[[#x--Precedents:-Registerability:]]<u>'''Registerability:'''</u></span>==  
==Registerability:==  
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">(Restricted, Reserved, SFPP, OOP)</span>
(Restricted, Reserved, SFPP, OOP)</span>


==='''September 1998 - charges surmounting:'''===  
==='''September 1998 - charges surmounting:'''===  
We have not allowed charges to surmount flaunches for the past sixteen years. (Garreth Emeric, 9/98 p. 10)
We have not allowed charges to surmount flaunches for the past sixteen years. (Garreth Emeric, 9/98 p. 10)
[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Ordinary|http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Ordinary]]
http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Ordinary


==='''March 1998 - charging vs surmounting:'''===  
===March 1998 - charging vs surmounting:===  
While it is acceptable to charge flaunches, the flaunches here are not charged; the rainbow surmounts them. Surmounting flaunches is not allowed by many Laurel precedents. We see no reason to reverse this precedent. (Victoria of Lochlann, 3/98 p. 17)
While it is acceptable to charge flaunches, the flaunches here are not charged; the rainbow surmounts [overlaps] them. Surmounting flaunches is not allowed by many Laurel precedents. We see no reason to reverse this precedent. (Victoria of Lochlann, 3/98 p. 17)
[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Ordinary|http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Ordinary]]
http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Ordinary


==='''April 1997 - counterchanging:'''===  
===April 1997 - counterchanging:===  
[returning Barry... two flaunches counterchanged] This is being returned for obtrusive modernity and excessive counterchanging, barring period evidence of flaunches being counterchanged of the field. (Lora Anne the Silent, 4/97 p. 16)
[returning Barry... two flaunches counterchanged] This is being returned for obtrusive modernity and excessive counterchanging, barring period evidence of flaunches being counterchanged of the field. (Lora Anne the Silent, 4/97 p. 16)
[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Counterchanging|http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Counterchanging]]
*http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Counterchanging


==='''August 1981 - voiding and cotising''':===  
===August 1981 - voiding and cotising:===  
Flaunches voided and flaunches cotised are both non-period.
Flaunches voided and flaunches cotised are both non-period.
[[http://www.sca.org/heraldry/loar/1981/09/lar.htm|September 1981 LoAR]]
[http://www.sca.org/heraldry/loar/1981/09/lar.htm September 1981 LoAR]]
 
 
==<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">[[#x--Precedents:-Conflict:]]<u>'''Conflict:'''</u></span>==
 
 
==<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">[[#x--Precedents:-Identifiability:]]<u>'''Identifiability:'''</u></span>==




==Conflict:==




==Identifiability:==


==<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">'''<u>Collected Precedents:</u>'''</span>==


<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2nd Tenure of Elisabeth de Rossignol (April 2011 - August 2011) - [[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/elisabeth/armory2.html|Collected Armory Precedents]]</span>
==Collected Precedents:==
* 2nd Tenure of Elisabeth de Rossignol (April 2011 - August 2011) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/elisabeth/armory2.html Collected Armory Precedents]
* 1st Tenure of Elisabeth de Rossignol (May 2005 - July 2008) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/elisabeth/armory.html#TIERCE TIERCE and FLAUNCHES]
* The 2nd Tenure of François la Flamme (October 2004 - May 2005) - [[http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/sca/armoryprec.html#TIERCE TIERCE and FLAUNCH]]
* The Tenure of Shauna of Carrick Point (May 2004 - August 2004) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/shauna/armory.html Collected Armory Precedents]
* 1st Tenure of François la Flamme (August 2001 - April 2004) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/francois/wreath.html Collected Armory Precedents]
* The Tenure of Elsbeth Anne Roth (June 1999 - July 2001) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/elsbeth/armory.html Collected Armory Precedents]
* The Tenure of Jaelle of Armida (June 1996 - June 1999) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/jaeprec.html Single HTML Document]
* 2nd Tenure of Da'ud ibn Auda (November 1993 - June 1996) -
** [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud2/volume3.html the 1st part (Nov 1993 - June 1994)] and
** [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud2/daudIITOC.html the 2nd part (July 1994 - June 1996)]
* The Tenure of Bruce Draconarius of Mistholme (June 1992 - October 1993) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/bruce/ Collected precedents]
* 1st Tenure of Da'ud ibn Auda (June 1990 - June 1992) -
**  [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud/daud1toc.html the 1st year (June 1990 - June 1991)] and
**  [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud/daud1btoc.html the 2nd year (July 1991 - June 1992)]
* The Tenure of Alisoun MacCoul of Elphane (September 1986 - June 1990) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/alisoun/AMETOP.html Collected Precedents]
* The Tenure of Baldwin of Erebor (August 1984 - August 1986) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/baldwin.html Single HTML Document]
* The Tenure of Wilhelm von Schlüssel (August 1979 - August 1984) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/wilhelm/volume3.html Collected Precedents]
* The Tenure of Karina of the Far West (December 1975 - June 1979) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/karina/volume2.html Collected Precedents]
* The Early Days (June 1971 - June 1975) - [http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/early/volume1.html Collected Precedents]


<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">1st Tenure of Elisabeth de Rossignol (May 2005 - July 2008)</span><span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;"> - </span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/elisabeth/armory.html#TIERCE|TIERCE and FLAUNCHES]]</span>
=In the Ordinary:=  
<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The 2nd Tenure of François la Flamme (October 2004 - May 2005) - </span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">[[http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/sca/armoryprec.html#TIERCE|TIERCE and FLAUNCH]]</span>
The Tenure of Shauna of Carrick Point (May 2004 - August 2004) - <span style="color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/shauna/armory.html|Collected Armory Precedents]]</span>
The Tenure of François la Flamme (August 2001 - April 2004) - <span style="color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/francois/wreath.html|Collected Armory Precedents]]</span>
The Tenure of Elsbeth Anne Roth (June 1999 - July 2001) - <span style="color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/elsbeth/armory.html|Collected Armory Precedents]]</span>
The Tenure of Jaelle of Armida (June 1996 - June 1999) - <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/jaeprec.html|Single HTML Document]]</span>
The 2nd Tenure of Da'ud ibn Auda (November 1993 - June 1996) - <span style="color: #006600;">[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud2/volume3.html|the 1st part]]</span> (Nov 1993 - June 1994) and <span style="color: #006600;">[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud2/daudIITOC.html|the 2nd part]]</span> (July 1994 - June 1996)
The Tenure of Bruce Draconarius of Mistholme (June 1992 - October 1993) - <span style="color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/bruce/|Collected precedents]]</span>
The 1st Tenure of Da'ud ibn Auda (June 1990 - June 1992) - <span style="color: #006600;">[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud/daud1toc.html|the 1st year]]</span> (June 1990 - June 1991) and <span style="color: #006600;">[[http:''heraldry.sca.org/precedents/daud/daud1btoc.html|the 2nd year]]</span> (July 1991 - June 1992)
The Tenure of Alisoun MacCoul of Elphane (September 1986 - June 1990) - <span style="color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/alisoun/AMETOP.html|Collected Precedents]]</span>
The Tenure of Baldwin of Erebor (August 1984 - August 1986) - <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #006600; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/baldwin.html|Single HTML Document]]</span>
The Tenure of Wilhelm von Schlüssel (August 1979 - August 1984) - <span style="color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/wilhelm/volume3.html|Collected Precedents]]</span>
The Tenure of Karina of the Far West (December 1975 - June 1979) - <span style="color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/karina/volume2.html|Collected Precedents]]</span>
The Early Days (June 1971 - June 1975) - <span style="color: #006600;">[[http://heraldry.sca.org/precedents/early/volume1.html|Collected Precedents]]</span>
----
=<u>'''In the Ordinary'''</u>:=  
(includes flank, side, tierce)
(includes flank, side, tierce)
* [[http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3aargent|Flaunch - Argent]]
* [http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3aargent Flaunch - Argent]
* [[http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3aazure|Flaunch - Azure]]
* [http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3aazure Flaunch - Azure]
* [[http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3afur|Flaunch - Fur]]
* [http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3afur Flaunch - Fur]
* [[http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3agules|Flaunch - Gules]]
* [http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3agules Flaunch - Gules]
* [[http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3amulticolor|Flaunch - Multicolor]]
* [http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3amulticolor Flaunch - Multicolor]
* [[http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3aor|Flaunch - Or]]
* [http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3aor Flaunch - Or]
* [[http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3apurpure|Flaunch - Purpure]]
* [http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3apurpure Flaunch - Purpure]
* [[http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3asable|Flaunch - Sable]]
* [http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3asable Flaunch - Sable]
* [[http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3avert|Flaunch - Vert]]
* [http://oanda.sca.org/oanda_desc.cgi?p=FLAUNCH%3avert Flaunch - Vert]


[[Category:Armory]] [[Category:Need Work]]
[[Category:Armory]]

Latest revision as of 11:25, 4 July 2019

WARNING: Do not cite this page as a reference. This page is on this wiki only to make the content "searchable" and easier to find. If you find the information you seek here, go to the original sources to verify the information and use them for your documentation.


Flaunches represent "flanks," that is, the sides of an under-robe which is seen through the openings of an open-sided surcote.

Illustrations:[edit | edit source]

Period:[edit | edit source]


Modern:[edit | edit source]

Pictorial Dictionary, 3rd edition:[edit | edit source]

  • Flaunches - "Flaunches (singular “flank”) are heraldic ordinaries, issuing from the corners of the chief, and proceeding in circular arcs to base... Flaunches always occur in pairs; there are no single flaunches. They were sometimes charged in period... Flaunches may therefore be charged in Society heraldry.

Registered Examples:[edit | edit source]

T-02-39-01_T-herb_garden_thumb_colour.jpg 02-39-01_T-Aisha_al-Raqqasa_Badge_Color.jpg

Vector Graphics:[edit | edit source]

* SVG image courtesy of Sean Fulmer:
File:Flaunches.svg

Annotated Pennsic Traceable Art Project[edit | edit source]

Sources:[edit | edit source]



Precedents:[edit | edit source]

Precedents of the SCA College of Arms - http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents.html
Morsulus Heralds Website - http://www.morsulus.org/ (to search the LoARs and Precedents)
Use the above links to be sure any precedents listed below haven't been superseded by newer precedents.

Definition:[edit | edit source]

(includes defaults, proper tinctures, blazoning) zaneta_dv_color_mini.jpg

October 2017 - flaunches start at the chief corners, return:[edit | edit source]

#171Zaneta moglie di Nicolo Marcello. Device. Per pale sable and azure, a spider between flaunches argent. This device is returned for redraw. Flaunches should start at the chief corners of the escutcheon.

July 2017 - flaunches start from the corners, redraw:[edit | edit source]

Tassin_Device_Color.jpg #216Tassin Tresseaul. Name and device. Azure, in pale three suns between flaunches Or. Registered with: "Artist's note: Please draw the flaunches issuant from the corners of the shield."

July 1980 - differing tinctures allowed:[edit | edit source]

The flaunches must be of one color, not two. They represent "flanks," that is, sides, of an under-robe which is seen through the openings of an open-sided surcote. [November 1978 LoAR] OVERTURNED BY: It is now acceptable to have flaunches of different colors. July 1980 LoAR

August 1977 - always in pairs:[edit | edit source]

Flaunches are always borne in pairs. August 1977 LoAR


Registerability:[edit | edit source]

(Restricted, Reserved, SFPP, OOP)

September 1998 - charges surmounting:[edit | edit source]

We have not allowed charges to surmount flaunches for the past sixteen years. (Garreth Emeric, 9/98 p. 10) http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Ordinary

March 1998 - charging vs surmounting:[edit | edit source]

While it is acceptable to charge flaunches, the flaunches here are not charged; the rainbow surmounts [overlaps] them. Surmounting flaunches is not allowed by many Laurel precedents. We see no reason to reverse this precedent. (Victoria of Lochlann, 3/98 p. 17) http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/precedents/jaeprec.html#Ordinary

April 1997 - counterchanging:[edit | edit source]

[returning Barry... two flaunches counterchanged] This is being returned for obtrusive modernity and excessive counterchanging, barring period evidence of flaunches being counterchanged of the field. (Lora Anne the Silent, 4/97 p. 16)

August 1981 - voiding and cotising:[edit | edit source]

Flaunches voided and flaunches cotised are both non-period. September 1981 LoAR]


Conflict:[edit | edit source]

Identifiability:[edit | edit source]

Collected Precedents:[edit | edit source]

In the Ordinary:[edit | edit source]

(includes flank, side, tierce)