Baltic Names

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This naming group includes: Lithuanian Names, Latvian, Estonian, etc. See also Finnic Names .

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Sources:

Academy of St. Gabriel - http://s-gabriel.org/names/baltic.shtml

Laurel Name Articles - http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/

"Medieval Latvian Given Names" by Aryanhwy merch Catmael (Sara L. Uckelman) - http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/other/latvian.html

"Names of Estonians from the Schultbok of Helmich Ficke" by ffride wlffsdotter (Rebecca Lucas) http://s-gabriel.org/names/ffride/kivimae-names.html

Appendix A: Patterns That Do Not Need Further Documentation

https://heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA (as of 15 January 2022)

Baltic

	Double Given Names	Locative	Patronymic	Other relationship	Descriptive/Occupational	Dictus	Double Bynames	Order
Estonian		Yes, pre-pended and post-pended	Yes, marked or unmarked, including patronymics from father's descriptive and occupational byname	Wife	Yes		Yes (patronymic+locative)	given+byname byname+given given+patronymic+locative
Latvian	No	Yes, adjectival or unmarked (see note)	Yes, marked or unmarked (see note)	Wife (see note)	Yes, adjectival or unmarked (see note)	No	No	given+byname
Lithuanian	Late; 14th cen. and after	Adjectival (see notes)	Yes (see notes)	Husband (see notes)	Yes	Yes, dictus and alias (see notes)	Yes, one is a locative	given+given given+byname given+locative+occupational given+patronymic+locative
Livonian	No		Yes, marked or unmarked (see note)		Yes	No	No	given+byname byname+given

Notes

Estonian: Bynames based on relationship can be formed with Estonian particles, such as poyck/poicke 'son', tüttar 'daughter', nayne 'wife' or Low German son, dochter 'daughter', wif 'wife' (usually with the relative's name in the genitive case, following the rules of Estonian or German grammar respectively).

Lithuanian:

Adjectival locative bynames are attested in Lithuanian, using the ending -iska with feminine names, and -iskis, -inikas, or -(i)etis with masculine names, in its grammatically required form. -iska and -iskis, like their equivalents in Polish (-ska and -ski) is roughly equivalent to "-ish" in English. -(i)etis, is similar to English "place name"-ian.

Masculine patronyms, based on the father's name, included -(i)unas, -(i)unos, -aitis or -uitis ('B's son'). Alternately, the relationship could be indicated by a diminutive suffix added to their relative's name, such as -(i)ulis ('little B'). Patronymn may be derived from the father's occupational byname. Feminine patronyms are changed by adding the suffixes -(ai)czie / -itia. They are based on the father's given name or his descriptive byname.

Relationship bynames (husband) are formed from the husband's given name, full name, or byname by using the suffix -iene on each part of the husband's name. In the 16th and early 17th century, the suffix -owiene is also found when the relationship is formed from the husband's given name.

The pattern given dictus given and given alias given is known in Lithuanian. Other patterns (such as given alias given pat) need to be documented.

Livonian: Note that "Livonian" is intended to refer to the indigenous group called the Livs or Livonians, rather than the region called Livonia that encompassed modern-day Estonia and Latvia. Masculine patronymics use -dels or -poy 'son'.

Appendix C: Regional Naming Groups and Their Mixes

http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/sena.html#AppendixC (as of 15 January 2022)

Regional Groups:	By Time Period:	Languages Included In This Group:	Can Be Combined With Groups:
Baltic	550-1100	Lithuanian, Latvian, etc.	East Slavic German North Slavic Scandinavian
^	1100-1600	Lithuanian, Latvian, etc.	East Slavic German North Slavic Scandinavian

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Precedents:

Precedents of the SCA College of Arms - [[1]] Morsulus Herald's Website - [[2]] (to search the LoARs and Precedents)

From Pelican: Estonian Alternate Titles

This month, we were asked to consider a proposal to remove some Estonian alternate titles and to add others. We thank ffride wlffsdotter for her research. ffride provided information that the Estonian language was spoken by peasants, but was recorded in German. It is more likely that the nobility in Estonia would have used Low German. Therefore, for the purposes of recreation, the use of German for an Estonian persona may be a better option. Töllöö argued in commentary that the modern standardized forms of the titles should be used, rather than the period forms, as they would be more understandable and less jarring to native Estonian speakers in the Society. However, in recent years, the Society has been replacing modern titles with period forms whenever possible in the official list of alternate titles. Therefore, we will continue to do so, as it allows for better recreation, although we note that the Society structure of awards does not perfectly "map" to how the real-world titles were used in our period. Members of the Society can continue to use the modern forms if they prefer. We have provided the normalized forms for informational purposes if they differ from the form already on the alternate titles list. The following changes are made:

• Duke// - //Hertsog// is replaced with //Erzog.
• Duchess// - //Hertsoginna// is replaced with //Erzogi Prawwa//. (The normalized form is //Hertsogi proua.)
• King// - in addition to //Kuningas//, the spellings //Kunningas// and //Kunninkas// are added. (The normalized form is //Kuningas.)
• Queen// - //Kuninganna// is replaced with //Kunninga Prawwa// (The normalized form is //Kuninga proua.)
• Prince// - //Prints// is replaced with //Först// and //Würst//. (The normalized form is //Vürst// or //Pärivürst, where the latter is appropriate for the heir of a kingdom.)
• Princess// - //Printsess// is replaced with //Würsti Prawwa//. (The normalized forms are //Vürsti proua//, //Vürstinna//, and //Pärivürstinna.)
• Master// - //Meister// is replaced with //Issand//. (The normalized form is //Isand//. We note that //Meister is also a gender-neutral modern form.)
• Mistress// - //Naismeister// is replaced with //Emmand//. (The normalized form is //Emand//. We note that //Meister is also a gender-neutral modern form.)
• Knight// - //Rüütel// is replaced with //Rutl.
• Lord// - //Lord// is replaced with //Issand//. (The normalized form is //Isand.)
• Lady// - //Leedi// is replaced with //Prawwa//. (The normalized form is //Proua.)

July 2013 CL: Name Resources

Continuing with the Eastern European theme, this month I'd like to highlight some new resources for documenting Baltic names. We normally refer to the Baltic states as modern Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. However, linguistically the situation is somewhat different. Lithuanian and Latvian are "Baltic languages," related to other Slavic languages. We have resources for Lithuanian, and to a lesser extent Latvian, names. Estonian is related to Finnish and we know of no useful resources for documenting period names. A little history: the area was for most of our period part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In that area, a variety of languages were spoken and written, mostly Lithuanian, Polish, and Ruthenian (also known as Chancery Slavonic, and the ancestor of modern Ukrainian and Belarusian). The last was written in Cyrillic, the other two in the Latin alphabet. Sometimes documents were also written in Latin and German, but mostly for communication with outside states. Until relatively recently, our best resource for Lithuanian names was an article from the English language journal Lituanus: "Lithuanian Names," by the mundane scholar William Schmalstieg (http:www.lituanus.org/1982_3/82_3_01.htm). However, recently, ffride wlffsdotter (Goutte d'Eau) has published a pair of articles. The first is "16th and early 17th C. feminine names from Lithuanian records" (http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/ffride/lithuanianwomen.html). The second is "Early 17th century bynames of bridegrooms, from a wedding register from Lankeliskiai parish, Lithuania" (http:www.s-gabriel.org/names/ffride/lithuaniangrooms.html). These new articles represent a substantial increase in our knowledge of Lithuanian names, and we hope she continues to find resources to mine. So, what's in these resources? Early Lithuanian names were dithemic (made from the joining of two themes or stems), like the masculine Kantibutas or Jovirdas. As Christianity (both Orthodox and Catholic) spread in Lithuania by the 11th century, Christian names from East and West became more common. In the late 14th century, Catholicism became the official state religion. Through this time, a variety of "Christian" names were introduced and became common. By late period, most people appear to have Christian names: the most common women's names in ffride's article are Anna, Kataryna, and Zofiia. Family names as such appear by the late 14th century, but will still not be universal by the end of our period. Early bynames are mostly patronymic in form, such as the c. 1400 Dravenio s{u-}nus or the gray period Mikailunos. In Ruthenian context, bynames of relationship are rather like those in Russian, using forms like M{i-}kolaevna and sometimes adding words like dochka "daughter" (cognate with Russian doch'). See ffride's "16th and early 17th C. feminine names from Lithuanian records" for more details on these constructions. Other kinds of bynames are found as well. In ffride's article on feminine names article, descriptive bynames are found. Additionally, women are described as relatives (wives, daughters, etc.) of men using masculine occupational descriptions that may be bynames. Another byname pattern found in the period around Christianization is the use of two given names, one Christian and one "native Lithuanian," connected with alias or unmarked, such as the Latinized Michael alias Minegal or Joannes Gosztowdo, both from the late 14th or early 15th century. Latvia has a rather different history, as it falls under German control by around 1200. Riga will become part of the Hanseatic League and German and Latin will be the languages of record for most of the Middle Ages. A partial list of Latvian given names was created by Aranhwy merch Catmael, "Medieval Latvian Given Names" (http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/other/latvian.html). These names are mostly Christian, even in the 13th century. This may reflect the earlier Christianization of Latvia and/or the greater German influence there. There are no online sources for Latvian family names. However, the book Die Rigaer und Revaler Familiennamen im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Herkunft der Bürger, by Liselotte Feyerabend (Köln: Böhlau, 1985) has information about 14th and 15th century family names in Riga. Most of them are German, but there are some examples of [[3]]

WARNING: Do not cite this page as a reference. This page is on this wiki to make the content "searchable" and easier to find. If you find the information you seek here, go to the original sources (generally linked) to verify the information and use them for your documentation. Contact the editor-in-chief, Sofya la Rus, if there are copyright concerns or other issues.  sofya at calontiri dot info