Glossary of German Terms and Abbreviations
Titles, Terms, Locations, and Various Abbreviations Encountered in German Onomastic Texts and Armorials
by Gotfrid von Schwaben Revised {$revisiondate}.
Forward
As time progresses our base level of knowledge concerning medieval and renaissance naming practices increases. Likewise, our pool of onomastic resources becomes more refined. When reading texts written in English, finding the documentation and understanding what the author is saying is quite simple for fluent English speakers. Frequently, however, the best resource for a certain culture’s naming practice is in a language other than English. For those who are attempting to read resources in another language and have little to no knowledge of that language, it becomes a bit more problematic.
While I am a fairly fluent, semi-native speaker of German, my level of constant exposure and usage of German leveled off during my teen years. As a joke, albeit true, I will often answer the question of where I learned my German by stating I learned it sitting in the lap of my mother and grandmother. And even though I do have opportunities to brush the dust off my language skills, they are not as frequent as I would like. Additionally, the dialect of German with which I grew up is not the same as that used in scholarly works.
Because of this, while doing German onomastic research I have come across a number of common terms and abbreviations, not all of which have been familiar to me. As a result, I created a list of titles, abbreviations, terms, etc., which I encountered in various German texts. Most of the terms I pulled from the books listed in the bibliography at the end of this glossary. Additional entries in this list are more “common knowledge” items peculiar to Germany culled from my Langenscheidts German to English dictionary. Some of the abbreviations are in direct reference to languages or dialects with which I had no knowledge. Those items are footnoted and a rudimentary explanation is provided using mostly Wikipedia entries. Granted, while Wikipedia is hardly scholarly, it does at least give the reader a basic understanding and a starting point from which to pursue research that is more scholarly. This list spells out what the abbreviations are and translates those into their English equivalents, thus making it easier for non-German-speaking researchers to understand what the text is conveying.
Gotfrid
German titles, terms, and locations
| German Term | xx | Translation | xxx xxx | German Term | xx | Translation | xxx xxx | German Term | xx | Translation |
| Aachen | Aix-la-Chapelle | Hofdame | Lady-in-waiting | Ritterschaft | Chivalry, Knighthood | |||||
| Adel | Nobility, Aristocracy | Hofnarr | Court jester | Sachsen | Saxony | |||||
| Adel verpflichtet | Noblesse oblige | Hinterpommern | Eastern Pomerania | Schlesien | Silesia | |||||
| Baron | Baron | Kärnten | Carinthia | Schwaben | Swabia | |||||
| Bayern | Bavaria | Königsreich, (-e) | Kingdom(s) | Schwäbische Alb | Swabian Jura | |||||
| Bistum, (Bistümer) | Bishopric(s) | König, (-e) | King(s) | Schwäbische Alpen | Swabian Alps | |||||
| Bodensee1 | Lake Constance | Königin, (-nen) | Queen(s) | Schweiz | Switzerland | |||||
| Böhmen und Mähren | Bohemia-Moravia | Kurfürst, (-en) | Elector(s) | Seidenstraße, die | the Silk Road | |||||
| Böhmerwald, der | Bohemian forest | Kurfürstentag | Diet | Siebenbürgen6 | Transylvania | |||||
| Braunschweig | Brunswick | Kurfürstentum | Electorate | (andere) Stadt, (Städten) | (other) City (-ies) | |||||
| Donau, die | Danube river | Kurfürstenpfalz | The Electoral Palatinate | Sixtinische Kapelle, die | Sistine Chapel | |||||
| Elsass, Elsaß | Alsace | Köln | (city of) Cologne | Straße von Gibraltar7 | Strait of Gibraltar | |||||
| Elsass-, Elsaß-Lothringen | Alsace-Lorraine | Kölner Dom, der | the Cologne Cathedral | Steiermark | Styria | |||||
| Ehrbare Geschlecter | respectable families | Mark Brandenburg | Brandenburg Marches | Tempelberg, der | Temple Mount (Jerusalem) | |||||
| Erzbistum, (Erzbistümer) | Archbishopric(s) | Meissen, Meißen | Meissen, Misnia | Thüringen | Thuringia | |||||
| Erzherzog, (Erzherzöge) | Archduke(s) | Mittelmeer, das3 | Mediterranean sea | Tirol | Tyrol | |||||
| Felsendom, der | Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem) | Namenkunde | Onomastics | Ungarn | Hungary | |||||
| Franken | Franconia | Nürnberg | Nuremberg | Unterfranken | Lower Franconia | |||||
| Frankreich | France | Oberfranken | Upper Franconia | Venedig | Venice | |||||
| Freiherr, (-en)2 | Baron(s) | Oberpfalz | Upper Palatinate | Vierwaldstätter See, der8 | Lake Lucerne | |||||
| Fürst, (-en) | Prince(s) | Oberrheinische Tiefebene | Upper Rhine valley | Vorpommern | Western Pomerania | |||||
| Fürstentum, (Fürstentümer) | Principality (Principalities) | Österreich | Austria | Wappen | Coat of Arms | |||||
| Fürstenhoff | (royal) court | Ostsee4 | Baltic sea | Wappenerklärung | blazon, blazonry | |||||
| Gallien | Gaul | Patrizier | Patricians, upper class | Wappenkunde | Heraldry | |||||
| Genf | Geneva | Pfalz | The Palatinate | Wappenschild | escutcheon | |||||
| Gefürstete Abtei, (-en) | Principality Abbey(s) | Pfalzgraf, (-en) | Count(s) Palatine | Wappenschmuck | heraldic ornamentation | |||||
| Gefreite Abtei, (-en) | Independent Abbey(s) | Reichsfürst, (-en) | Imperial Prince(s) | Wappenspruch | heraldic motto | |||||
| Grabeskirche, die | Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Jerusalem) | Reichsritter, (-s) | Imperial Knight(s) | Wappentier | heraldic animal | |||||
| Graf, (-en) | Count(s), Earl(s) | Reichsstadt, (Reichsstädte) | Imperial City (-ies) | Wenzelsplatz, der | Wenceslas Square (Prague) | |||||
| Gräfin, (-nen) | Countesses | Reichstag | Imperial Diet | Westfalen | Westphalia | |||||
| Herr, (-en) | Lord(s) | Reichswappen | Imperial Arms | Wien | Vienna | |||||
| Herzog, (Herzöge) | Duke(s) | Rheinland | Rhineland | |||||||
| Herzogin, (-nen) | Duchess(es) | Rheinpfalz | Rhenish Palatinate | |||||||
| Hessen | Hesse | Ritter5 | Knight(s) |
1 Literally translates as “ground or bottom lake (sea)".
2 The titles Freiherr (abbreviated as Frhr.) and Freifrau (abbreviated as Frfr.) literally translate as "free lord" or "free lady". The title Freiin referred to unmarried daughters and maiden aunts. The title Freiherr derives from the late Middle High German vrīherre and means “Free Nobleman“. These titles of nobility correspond to baron in rank within the German-speaking areas of the Holy Roman Empire and in its various successor states, including Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, etc. Traditionally it denotes the second lowest titled rank within the nobility, above Ritter (knight) and Adler (nobility without a specific title) and below Graf (count, earl) and Herzog (duke).
In social circumstances, a Freiherr is addressed "Herr Baron" or (more familiarly) "Baron”, although that is not the official title. The original distinction derives from the historical geo-political situation in which an owner held free (allodial) title to his land. This is unlike the ordinary baron, who was originally a knight (Ritter) in vassalage to a higher lord or sovereign, or medieval German ministerials, who were bound to provide administrative services for a lord. In northern Germany, there was also an official but foreign rank of "Baron" (not "Freiherr"), mostly used for Baltic barons created by the Tsar of Russia, but recognized in Germany. In Austria-Hungary and in the Baltic and Nordic countries, "Freiherr" was considered to be of equal rank to the title of "Baron".
Barons who received their title from the Holy Roman Emperor were sometimes known as Reichsfreiherren or “Barons of the Holy Roman Empire" as a distinction from other barons. Since the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Reichsfreiherren do not presently belong to the noble hierarchy. However, their titles were officially recognized by a decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815. After 1806 the independent German monarchies, such as Bavaria, Württemberg and Lippe could create their own nobility, including Freiherren. Interestingly, the Elector of Brandenburg had even before that date, as king of the originally exclusively extraterritorial Prussia, claimed for himself the prerogative of ennoblement. Some of the older baronial families began to use Reichsfreiherr in formal contexts to distinguish themselves from the new classes of barons created by monarchs of lesser stature than the Holy Roman Emperors; this usage is far from obsolete. [Wikipedia]
3 Literally translates as “the middle sea".
4 Literally translates as “the east lake (sea)".
5 The nominative plural form for Ritter is the same as the singular.
6 Literally translates as “seven fortifications (castles)".
7 Literally translates as “street or road" of Gibraltar.
8 Literally translates as “Literally translates as “the four forest places lake”.
German abbreviations (Abkürzungen)
Symbols
A
| Abbreviation | ||||
| xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation | |
| Abb. | Abbildung | picture, illustration | ||
| abgeg. | abgegangen | came, derived, branched from | ||
| Abltg. | Ableitung | derivation, derivative | ||
| adän. | altdänisch | Old Danish | ||
| aengl. | altenglisch | Old English | ||
| afries. | altfriesisch | Old Frisian | ||
| afrz. (afranz.) | altfranzösisch | Old French | ||
| ags. | angelsächsisch | Anglo-Saxon | ||
| ägypt. | ägyptisch | Egyptian | ||
| ahd. | althochdeutsch | Old High German | ||
| aind. | altindisch | Old Indian | ||
| air. | altirisch | Old Irish | ||
| aisl. | altisländisch | Old Icelandic | ||
| alem. | alemannisch | Alemannic | ||
| altd. | altdeutsch | Old German | ||
| and. | altniederdeutsch | Old Low German | ||
| anord. | altnordisch | Old Nordic | ||
| apers. | altpersisch | Old Persian | ||
| apolab. | altpolabisch | Old Polabian1 | ||
| apoln. | altpolnisch | Old Polish | ||
| apreuß. | altpreußisch | Old Prussian | ||
| arab. | arabisch | Arabian | ||
| aruss. | altrussisch | Old Russian | ||
| asächs. | altsächsisch | Old Saxon | ||
| aslaw. | altslawisch | Old Slavic | ||
| asorb. | altsorbisch | Old Sorbian2 | ||
| atschech. | alttschechisch | Old Czechoslovakian | ||
| awest. | awestisch | Avestan3 |
1 The Polabian language, which became extinct in the 18th century, was a group of Slavic dialects spoken in present-day northern Germany: Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, eastern parts of Lower Saxony, and Schleswig-Holstein. It was one of the Lechitic languages. The name derives from the name of Polabian tribes, which in turn derives from the name of the Elbe river in Slavic languages: Łaba in Polish and Labe in Czech. There are known Polabian texts from the Wendland (Lüchow-Dannenberg) in the 17th and 18th centuries. As an example of the language, The Lord's Prayer in Polabian is: Aita nos, tâ toi jis wâ nebesai, sjętü wordoj tüji jaimą; tüji rik komaj; tüja wüľa mo są ťüńot kok wâ nebesai tok no zemi; nosę wisedanesnę sťaibę doj nam dâns; a wütâdoj nam nose greche, kok moi wütâdojeme nosim gresnarem; ni bringoj nos wâ warsükongę; toi losoj nos wüt wisokag chaudag. Pritü tüje ją tü ťenądztwü un müc un câst, warchni Büzac, nekąda in nekędisa. Amen. See also the Wends.
2 The Sorbian languages are classified under the West Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages. They are the native languages of the Sorbian people, a Slavic minority in eastern Germany. The language has also historically been known as Wendish or Lusatian. There are two literary languages: Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbsce), spoken by about 55,000 people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbski) spoken by about 14,000 people in Brandenburg. The area where the two languages are spoken is known as Lusatia (Łužica in Upper Sorbian, Łužyca in Lower Sorbian, or Lausitz in German). Both languages have dual grammatical number; they are among the very few living Indo-European languages to retain this feature (the other being Slovenian). The dual is used when exactly two people or things are meant and is in addition to singular and plural. In Germany Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages. The city of Bautzen near Dresden is a centre of Upper Sorbian culture. Notable is the fact that bilingual signs can be seen around the city including the name of the city itself at the railway station given as 'Bautzen/Budyšin'. The city of Cottbus (Chóśebuz) is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian; here too bilingual signs are found. Sorbian is also spoken in the small Wendish settlement of Serbin in Lee County, Texas, and until recently newspapers were published in Wendish there. It has been heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and English.
3 Avestan, also called (incorrectly) Zend Language, is an Eastern Iranian language known only from its use as the language of Zoroastrian scripture, i.e. the Avesta, from which it derives its name. The language must also at some time have been a natural language, but how long ago that was is unknown. Avestan falls into two strata, the older being that of the Gāthās, which reflects a linguistic stage (dating from c. 600 BC) close to that of Vedic Sanskrit in India. The greater part of the Avesta is written in a more recent form of the language and shows gradual simplification and variation in grammatical forms. When the canon of the Avesta was being fixed (4th to 6th century AD), Avestan was a dead language known only to priests. Its status as a sacred language ensured its continuing use for new compositions long after the language had ceased to be a living language.
B
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| B. | Bürger | citizen, resident, inhabitant | ||
| bayr. (bair.) | bayrisch | Bavarian | ||
| Bd. (Bde.) | Band (Bände) | Volume(s) | ||
| BE | Berlin | |||
| Bed. | Bedeutung(en) | meaning(s) | ||
| bes. (bsd.) | besonders | especially, particularly | ||
| betr. | betreffend | concerning, regarding, as to | ||
| Bez. | Bezeichnung(en) | name(s), term(s), designation(s) | ||
| Bezirk | district | |||
| BN | Berufsname | occupational name | ||
| BR | Brandenburg | |||
| bulg. | bulgarisch | Bulgarian | ||
| BW | Bestimmungswort | determinative element | ||
| BWÜ | Baden-Württemberg | |||
| BY | Bayern | Bavaria | ||
| bzgl. | bezüglich | regarding, concerning (re:) | ||
| bzw. | beziehungsweise | respectively |
C
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| christl. | christlich | Christian |
D
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| d. Ä. | der Ältere | the Elder | ||
| dän. | dänisch | Danish | ||
| demin. | deminutivisch | diminutively | ||
| d. Gr. | der (or die) Große | the Great | ||
| d. h. | das heißt | that is, that’s called (i.e.) | ||
| d. J. | der Jüngere | the Younger | ||
| dt. | deutsch | German |
E
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| eig. (eigtl.) | eigentlich | eventually | ||
| els. | elsässisch | Alsatian | ||
| engl. | englisch | English | ||
| entspr. | entsprechend | corresponding, analogous, commensurate (with) | ||
| eosl. | elb- und ostseeslawisch | Wends and Baltic sea Slavic1 | ||
| europ. | europäisch | European | ||
| ev. | evangelisch | Lutheran |
1 Elbslawen or Wenden (lat. Venedi; English: Wends) is the name for some Slavic people from north-central Europe, particularly the Sorbs living in modern-day Germany. The name is derived from the German term Veneter, used for various non-Germanic tribes (see also Germanic place names). The term has not historically enjoyed consistent usage — it is mostly employed specifically for one or two Slavic groups but in the past it was often used as an over-arching term for all Slavic people. As a result, it is still difficult today to present a coherent picture of the Wends as a people. The term Wends was used in history in the following meanings: (1) The Franks referred to most Slavs living between the Oder and Elbe rivers as either Wends or Sorbs, while in Slavic literature these people are called Polabian Slavs. (2) In general, a German name for West Slavic people formerly inhabiting territories of pre-World War II Pomerania and historical eastern Germany. The term Wends was used in connection to all Slavs west of Poland and north of Bohemia — Polabians, Pomeranians and Sorbs. It was also used to denote the Slovaks in German texts before ca. 1400. (3) German and English name for Sorbs, a Slavic people who moved into Central Europe during the great migration, most likely in response to pressure by the westward movement of warlike peoples such as the Huns and Avars. Some of their descendants, also called Wends or Lusatian Sorbs (Lužički Srbi), still live in Lusatia today, where the Sorbian language is maintained in schools. Many Wends were driven out of the Kingdom of Prussia during the Revolutions of 1848. Many Lusatian Wends immigrated to countries that welcomed them as a source of cheap labor, including the United States and Australia. In the United States, the majority of Wends settled in Texas, where they became some of the earliest members of the Missouri Synod of the Lutheran church. A notable settlement of Wends in Texas is the town of Serbin, in Lee County, where a church, St. Paul's Lutheran Church, stands as a typical example of Wendish architecture. In St. Paul's, the pulpit is located in the balcony of the church. (4) German name for Kashubians. (5) Some Finnish historians claim the words Wends or Vandals used in Scandinavian sources occasionally meant all peoples of the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea from Pomerania to Finland, including some Finnic peoples. The existence of these supposed Finnic Wends is far from clear. In the 13th century there was indeed a people called Wends or Vends living as far as northern Latvia around the city of Wenden and it is not known if they were indeed Slavs as their name suggests. Some researchers think they were related to Finnic-speaking Votians.
F
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| f. | feminin | feminine | ||
| finn. | finnisch | Finnish | ||
| FN | Familienname(n) | family name(s) | ||
| fnhd. | frühneuhochdeutsch | Early New Standard (High) German | ||
| fries. | friesisch | Frisian | ||
| Frh. (Frhr) | Freiherr | Baron | ||
| Frfr. | Freifrau | Baroness | ||
| frk. (fränk.) | fränkisch | Frankish | ||
| frz. (franz) | französisch | French | ||
| frühmhd | frühmittelhochdeutsch | Early Middle High German |
G
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| gall. | gallisch | Gallic | ||
| galloroman. | galloromanisch | Gallo-Romanic | ||
| gen. | genitivisch | genitivally (pertaining to genitive [possessive] case) | ||
| germ. | germanisch | Germanic | ||
| GewN | Gewässername | names of bodies of water, incl. rivers and tributaries | ||
| Gde. | Gemeinde | municipality, parish | ||
| got. | gotisch | Gothic | ||
| gleichbed. | gleichbedeutend | synonymous | ||
| griech. | griechisch | Greek | ||
| GW | Grundwort | root word, etymon1 |
1 Grundwort, frequently abbreviated as GW, is a term often used in German onomastic texts and translates as a primary word or etymon. It literally means “ground word” or root word//. To say it is just a “root word” does not quite do justice to the full meaning of the term. The term etymon actually catches the full flavor of the term //Grundwort//, but is most likely much lesser known. As a result, I use the term //etymon// where appropriate. Merriam-Webster defines //etymon [plural etyma or etymons] as “1a) an earlier form of a word in the same language or an ancestral language; b) a word in a foreign language that is the source of a particular loanword; 2) a word or morpheme from which words are formed by composition or derivation.”
H
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| häuf. | häufig | frequent(ly), widespread | ||
| HausN | Hausname | Household name | ||
| HB | Bremen | |||
| hdschr. | handschriftlich | handwritten, in writing | ||
| HE | Hessen | |||
| hebr. | hebräisch | Hebrew | ||
| hess. | hessisch | Hessian | ||
| Hg. | Herausgeber | publisher, editor | ||
| hg. | herausgegeben (von) | published, edited (by) | ||
| HH | Hamburg | |||
| hl. | heilig | holy, sacred, hallowed | ||
| HlN (Heil. N.) | Heiligenname | Saint’s name | ||
| HN (Herk. N.) | Herkunftsname | name derived from origin (background, place, country, or ethnicity) | ||
| hochd. (hd.) | hochdeutsch | Standard (High) German | ||
| HofN | Hofname(n) | farm name(s) | ||
| hold. (holl.) | holländisch | Dutch | ||
| Hr(n) | Herr(n) | Mister | ||
| hugen. | hugenottisch | Huguenot |
I
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| i. a. (i. Allg.) | im allgemeinen | in general, generally | ||
| idg. | indogermanisch | Indo-Germanic | ||
| i. d. R. | in der Regel | as a rule | ||
| i. e. S. | im engeren Sinne | in the narrow(er) sense | ||
| im eigentlichen Sinne | in the true sense (of the word), in the proper sense | |||
| i. J. | im Jahre | in (the year) | ||
| illyr. | illyrisch | Illyrian1 | ||
| insges. | insgesamt | altogether, in all | ||
| ital. (it.) | italienisch | Italian | ||
| i. w. S. | im weiteren Sinne | in the broad(er) sense |
1 The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in former times by ethnic groups identified as Illyrians: Delmatae, Pannoni, Illyrioi, Autariates, Taulanti (see List of Illyrian tribes). The Illyrian languages are generally, but not unanimously, reckoned as centum languages. Some sound-changes and other language features are deduced from what remains of the Illyrian languages, but because no writings in Illyrian are known, there is not sufficient evidence to clarify its place within the Indo-European language family aside from its probable centum nature. Because of the uncertainty, most sources provisionally place Illyrian on its own branch of Indo-European, though its relation to other languages, ancient and modern, continues to be studied and debated.
J
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| Jh. | Jahrhundert | Century | ||
| Jh.s. | Jahrhunderts | Centuries | ||
| jüd. | jüdisch | Jewish |
K
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| kath. | katholisch | Catholic | ||
| kelt. | keltisch | Celtic | ||
| KF | Kurzform (Koseform) | short(ened) form, affectionate form | ||
| Kt. | Kanton | Canton | ||
| kymr. | kymrisch | Welsh1 |
1 Another term for kymrisch is walisisch.
L
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| l. | links | left | ||
| lad. | ladinisch | Ladin1 | ||
| LandschaftsN | Landschafts- (Gebietsname) | countryside or territory name | ||
| langobard. | langobardisch | Langobardic, Lombardi | ||
| lat. | lateinisch | Latin | ||
| latin. | latinisiert | Latinized | ||
| laus. | lausitzisch | Lausitzi2 | ||
| lett. | lettisch | Latvian | ||
| lit. | litauisch | Lithuanian | ||
| literarisch | literary |
1 Not to be confused with Ladino language, Ladin (Ladino in Italian, Ladinisch in German) is a Rhaetian language spoken in the Dolomite mountains in Italy, between the regions of Trentino-South Tyrol and Veneto. It presents connections with the Swiss Romansh and Friulian. It is spoken in: the province of Bozen-Bolzano at (German-Italian-Ladin), St. Ulrich-Ortisei-Urtijëi, St. Christina-Santa Cristina-S. Crestina, Wolkenstein-Selva di Val Gardena-Sëlva, Abteital-Badia-Badia, Kurfahr-Corvara-Curvara, Enneberg-Marebbe-Maréo; the province of Trento in the Val di Fassa at the following seven municipalities: [Canazei (Ladin Cianacei), Campitello (Ladin Ciampedèl), Mazzin (Ladin Mazin), Pozza di Fassa (Ladin Poza), Vigo di Fassa (Ladin Vich), Soraga (Ladin Soraga -or- Sorega), and Moena (Ladin Moena)]. The Ladin spoken in the Fassa Valley (Ladin Val de Fascia, Italian Val di Fassa) is also subdivided into two further branches, "Cazét" (pronounced "cazet") is spoken in the northern half of the valley, whereas "Brach" (pronounced "brak"), is spoken in the southern half. For example, in Cazét, water is "ega" ("e" pronounced as in English "Elephant"), whereas in Brach it is "aga". It is further spoken in the province of Belluno in Livinallongo valley (Ladin Fèdom, German Buchenstein) and at Cortina d'Ampezzo (Ladin Anpëz). It is officially recognized in Italy and has some official rights in the region of Trentino-South Tyrol, while it does not have official status in the province of Belluno (Veneto region).
2 The Lausitzi dialect belongs to East Middle German. It is spoken in the Lausitz region in East Saxony and in Southern Brandenburg and is related to the adjacent dialects of the Thuringian-Upper Saxon and to Lower Silesian. From there also is derived the designation: Lausitzi-Silesian, which is only occasionally used however.
M
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| m. | maskulin | masculine | ||
| MA. | Mittelalter | medieval | ||
| masch. | maschinenschriftlich | typed, in typescript | ||
| metron. | metronymisch | matronymic | ||
| md. (mitteld.) | mitteldeutsch | Middle German | ||
| mdal. (mda.) | mundartlich | dialectal | ||
| mhd | mittelhochdeutsch | Middle High German | ||
| mir. | mittelirisch | Middle Irish | ||
| mlat. (mittellat.) | mittellateinisch | Middle Latin | ||
| mnd | mittelniederdeutsch | Middle Low German | ||
| mniederl. | mittelneiderländisch | Middle Dutch | ||
| MV | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Mecklenburg-West Pomerania |
N
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| N | Norden | North | ||
| n. | nach | after, to | ||
| nördlich | northern | |||
| neutral | neutral | |||
| Nbf. | Nebenform | variant | ||
| n. Chr. | nach Christus | (after Christ) AD | ||
| nd (ndd.) | niederdeutsch | Low German | ||
| ndld (ndl.; nl.) | niederländisch | Dutch | ||
| ndrhein. (nrhein.) | niederrheinisch | Low Rhenish (from the lower Rhine) | ||
| NDS | Niedersachsen | Lower Saxony | ||
| nhd. | neuhochdeutsch | New High German | ||
| nord. | nordisch | Nordic | ||
| nordd | norddeutsch | North German | ||
| nordfries. | nordfriesisch | North Frisian | ||
| norw. | norwegisch | Norwegian | ||
| nordwestd. | nordwestdeutsch | Northwest German | ||
| NRW | Nordrhein-Westfalen | North Rhine-Westphalia | ||
| nso. | niedersorbisch | Lower Sorbian1 | ||
| n. u. Z. | nach unserer Zeitrechnung | Anno Domini (‘according to our time reckoning’) |
1 See footnote for ‘asorb.’ (altsorbisch)
O
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| O | Osten | East | ||
| ö. | östlich | eastern | ||
| o. Ä. | oder Ähnliche(s) | or the like | ||
| oberd. (obd.) | oberdeutsch | Upper (Southern) German | ||
| oberschw. | oberschwäbisch | Upper Swabian | ||
| od. | oder | or | ||
| o. J. | ohne Jahr | undated (‘without year’) | ||
| ON | Ortsname | place name | ||
| ÖN | Örtlichkeitsname (Siedlungsname, Stellenbezeichnung) | locality, place name (settlement name, location description) | ||
| osä. | obersächsisch | Upper Saxon | ||
| oso. | obersorbisch | Upper Sorbian1 | ||
| ostd. | ostdeutsch | East German | ||
| österr. | österreichisch | Austrian | ||
| ostfränk. | ostfränkisch | East Frankish | ||
| ostmitteld. (ostmd.) | ostmitteldeutsch | East Middle German | ||
| ostpr. | ostpreußisch | East Prussian | ||
| ostslaw. | ostslawisch | East Slavic |
1 See footnote for ‘asorb.’ (altsorbisch)
P
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| PN | Personenname(n) | personal name(s) | ||
| polab. | polabisch | Polabian1 | ||
| poln. | polnisch | Polish | ||
| port. | portugiesisch | Portuguese | ||
| prot. | protestantisch | Protestant |
1 see footnote for ‘apolab.’ (altpolabisch)
R
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| r. | rechts | right | ||
| rel. | relativ | relatively | ||
| rhein. | rheinisch | Rhenish | ||
| rheinfränk. | rheinfränkisch | Rhenish-Franconian | ||
| rom. | romanisch | pertaining to Romance languages | ||
| RN | Rufname | first ("called", given) name | ||
| röm. | römisch | Roman | ||
| RP | Rheinland-Pfalz | Rhineland-Palatinate | ||
| russ. | russisch | Russian |
S
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| S | Süden | South | ||
| S. | Seite | page | ||
| s. | siehe | see [also] | ||
| südlich | southern | |||
| s. a. | siehe auch | see also | ||
| SAC | Sachsen | Saxony | ||
| SAN | Sachsen-Anhalt | Saxony-Anhalt | ||
| SatzN | Satzname | phrase name (epitaph-type name derived from a sentence description such as Eisenhower. Eisen + hower = ‘iron hitter’ or blacksmith.) | ||
| schles. | schlesisch | Silesian | ||
| schwäb. | schwäbisch | Swabian | ||
| schwed. | schwedisch | Swedish | ||
| schweiz. | schweizerisch | Swiss | ||
| sd. | siehe diesen Artikel | see this article | ||
| s. d. | siehe dies, siehe dort | see also | ||
| serbokroat. | serbokroatisch | Serbo-Croatian | ||
| SH | Schleswig-Holstein | |||
| SL | Saarland | |||
| slaw. | slawisch | Slavic | ||
| slowak. | slowakisch | Slovakian | ||
| slowen. | slowenisch | Slovenian | ||
| SN | Sippenname | Clan name | ||
| s. o. | siehe oben | see above | ||
| sog. | sogenannt | so-called | ||
| sorb. | sorbisch | Sorbian1 | ||
| spätmhd. | spätmittelhochdeutsch | Late Middle High German | ||
| span. | spanisch | Spanish | ||
| StammesN | Stammesname | name derived from ethnicity (tribal) | ||
| StraßenN | Straßenname | street name | ||
| s. u. | siehe unten | see below | ||
| südd. | süddeutsch | Southern German | ||
| südostd. | südostdeutsch | Southeast German | ||
| südslaw. | südslawisch | South Slavic | ||
| südwestd. | südwestdeutsch | Southwest German |
1 See footnote for ‘asorb. (altsorbisch)
T
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| TH | Thüringen | Thuringia | ||
| thür. | thüringisch | Thuringian | ||
| tirol. | tirolisch | Tyrolean | ||
| TN | (christlicher) Taufname | (Christian) baptismal name | ||
| tschech. | tschechisch | Czech(oslovakian) | ||
| typ. | typisch | typical(ly) |
U
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| u. | und | and | ||
| u. a. | und andere(s) | and others | ||
| unter anderem | among other things | |||
| u. Ä. (u. ä.) | und Ähnlich(e, es) | and the like | ||
| ugs. | umgangssprachlich | colloquial(ly) | ||
| ÜN | Übername | nickname, sobriquet, epithet | ||
| ung. (ungar.) | ungarisch | Hungarian | ||
| urslaw. | urslawisch | proto-Slavic1 | ||
| urspr. | ursprünglich | originally | ||
| usw. | und so weiter | and so on (et cetera [etc.]) | ||
| u. v. a. | und viele(s) andere | and many more (others) |
1 Proto-Slavic is the proto-language from which Old Church Slavonic and all the other Slavic languages later emerged. It was spoken before the 7th century. No Proto-Slavic writings have been found, so the language has been reconstructed from applying the comparative method to all the attested Slavic languages and other Indo-European languages. There is much debate whether pre-Proto-Slavic branched off directly from Proto-Indo-European, or whether it passed through a Proto-Balto-Slavic stage. Proto-Slavic proper developed during the early 1st millennium AD, and was separated into dialects in the 5th or 6th century, as Slavic tribes began to migrate in the wake of the Germanic migration period. In the second half of the 9th century, the dialect spoken north of Thessaloniki became the basis for first written Slavic language, created by the brothers Cyril and Methodius who translated portions of the Bible and other church books. The language they recorded is known as Old Church Slavonic. Old Church Slavonic is not identical to Proto-Slavic, having been recorded at least two centuries after the breakup of Proto-Slavic, and it shows features that clearly distinguish it from Proto-Slavic. However, it is still reasonably close, and the mutual intelligibility between Old Church Slavonic and other Slavic dialects of those days was proved by Cyril's and Methodius' mission to Great Moravia and Pannonia. There, their early South Slavic dialect used for the translations was clearly understandable to the local population which spoke an early West Slavic dialect.
V
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| v. | von, vom | of, from, by | ||
| v. a. | vor allem | above all | ||
| v. Chr. | vor Christus | (before Christ) BC | ||
| vlat. | vulgärlateinisch | vulgar (common) Latin | ||
| v. l. n. r. | von links nach rechts | from left to right | ||
| versch. | verschiedene | various, assorted | ||
| vogtl. | vogtländisch | Vogtlandic1 | ||
| VölkerN | Völkername | name derived from ethnicity (nationality) | ||
| vor. | vorhergehendes | preceding | ||
| VN | Vorname | first (given) name | ||
| vgl. | vergleiche | confer, compare [to], same as |
1 A German dialect spoken in what was then called Vogtland. The Vogtlandkreis is a Landkreis (rural district) in the southwest of Saxony, Germany, at the borders to Thuringia, Bavaria, and the Czech Republic. Neighboring districts are (from south clockwise) Hof, Saale-Orla, Greiz, Zwickauer Land, Aue-Schwarzenberg. The urban district of Plauen is located in the center of the district. The Vogtland became part of the Holy Roman Empire in the 12th century by King Conrad III. In 1209 the minister dynasty administrating the area split into three lines, Weida, Greiz and Gera-Plauen. When the central power over the area decreased these leaders, called in Latin advocatus or in German Vögte could rise from administrators to actual county leaders. 1354-1357 the Vogtland war ended these leadership and the area changed ownership to Bohemia. In 1546 Henry IV from Plauen got the area from the Bohemian king and later emperor Ferdinand I. His children did not only inherit the land, but also very high debt, so to pay these 1563 the area was bought by Saxony from Henry VI, and when in 1569 Henry VI finally ceased to claim ownership the new leadership created the first Vogtland district (Voigtländischen Creiß). 1657-1718 Saxony was split into parts, the Vogtland belonged to Saxony-Zeitz. In 1835 the new constitutional monarchy changed the administration and abolished the old district, and instead the Amtshauptmannschaft Plauen was created, and in 1867 those of Auerbach and Oelsnitz. 1907 the city of Plauen left the district and became district-free city. 1952 the East German government with the big administrative reform renamed them to Kreise (districts), and created the new districts Klingenthal and Reichenbach by decreasing the size of the previous ones. After the German Reunification the changes of the 1952 reform were mostly undone, and in 1996 the 5 districts were merged to form the Vogtlandkreis.
W
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| w. | westlich | western | ||
| weibl. | weiblich | female (feminine) | ||
| westd. | westdeutsch | West German | ||
| westmitteld. (westmd.) | westmitteldeutsch | West Middle German | ||
| westnd. | westniederdeutsch | West Lower German | ||
| westslaw. | westslawisch | West Slavic | ||
| WN | Wohnstättenname(n) | name(s) derived from a residential town | ||
| württ. | württembergisch | Württemberger |
XYZ
| Abbreviation | xxx xxx | German term | xxx xxx | Translation |
| z. B. | zum Beispiel | for instance, for example (e.g.) | ||
| Zs. | Zeitschrift | magazine, periodical | ||
| z. T. | zum Teil | partly, partially | ||
| Zus. (Zstzg.) | Zusammensetzung(en) | composition(s), compound(s) | ||
| zus. | zusammen | together |
Bibliography
Bahlow, Hans. Deutsches Namenlexikon, Baden-Baden: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Verlag, 1985.
Berger, Dieter. Geographische Namen in Deutschland: Herkunft und Bedeutung der Namen von Ländern, Städten, Bergen und Gewässern, Mannheim. Dudenverlag, 1999.
Brechenmacher, Josef Karlmann. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Familiennamen, 2 vol. Limburg an der Lahn: C. A. Starke-Verlag, 1957-60.
Encyclopædia Britannica online excerpt for Avenstan language, [[1]]
Kunze,Konrad. dtv-Atlas Namenkunde. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH, 2000.
Langenscheidts Großes Schulwörterbuch: Deutsch-English. Edited by Martin Fellermayer and Helga Krüger. Berlin & München: Langescheidt KG, 2001.
LEO English – German Dictionary. (WWW: Online Service by Informatik der Technischen Universität München, 1995-2003. [[2]]
Naumann, Horst, ed. Familiennamenbuch. Leipzig: VEB Bibliographisches Institut, 1989.
Siebmacher, Johann. Johann Siebmachers Wappenbuch von 1605, special edition. Edited by Horst Appuhn. München: Orbis Verlag für Pulizistik, 1999.
Socin, Adolf. Mittelhochdeutsches Namenbuch Nach Oberrheinischen Quellen des Zwölften und Dreizehnten Jahrhunderts. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlagbuchhandlung, 1966.
Wikipedia entry for Avenstan language. [[3]]
Wikipedia entry for Freiherr. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiherr
Wikipedia entry for Illyrian languages. [[4]]
Wikipedia entry for Ladin. [[5]]
Wikipedia entry for Polabian language. [[6]]
Wikipedia entry for proto-Slavic language. [[7]]
Wikipedia entry for Sorbian languages. [[8]]
Wikipedia entry for Urslawisch [proto-Slavic] language (German). [[9]]
Wikipedia entry for Wends. [[10]]
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