SENA, Appendix D, Transliteration
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Appendix D: Acceptable Transliteration Systems for Non-Latin Scripts http:heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixD We require each submission to follow a single transliteration system, as different systems may use the same letter to indicate different sounds. In general, we allow both relatively formal systems and relatively casual ones. Transliteration systems not listed here must be documented by the submitter as appropriate. For languages written in a non-Latin script that is not listed here, the submitter needs to document the system of transliteration. #AppendixDWesternEuropeanWestern European Languages: #AppendixDAA. Runic Old Norse: The runic system used by the Norse lacks information used in the later forms written in Latin script. Therefore, we require that the runic forms be registered using a Standardized Old Norse spelling as explained below. A discussion of the problem of making sense out of runic forms can be found at [[2]]. #AppendixDBB. Non-Runic Old Norse: We will register documentary forms for names (such as those found in Lind). In addition, we will register names written using the conventions of Standardized Old Norse (which appears in Geirr Bassi's The Old Norse Name//, dictionaries by Zoega and Cleasby & Vigfusson, and header forms in //Nordiskt runnamnslexikon) which includes several special characters, including accents, thorn and edh, and {o,} (o-ogonik). We will register forms that include all of those characters, those that omit accents but include other special characters, forms that use only thorn and edh, or forms that include none of them. All of these forms are found in documentary forms. We will not register forms that replace æ or œ with ae or oe, as no evidence of that replacement is found. Moreover, these characters are easily used and represent different sounds than one would expect from the separate letters. #AppendixDCC. Irish Gaelic: Irish Gaelic uses some characters that we do not use in the English alphabet, particularly the punctum delens (a dot above the letter). We register lenited characters using the current convention in Gaelic, which is to add an h after the character that would otherwise have a dot above it. As documentary forms sometimes have and sometimes omit, accents, we will register transliterations that systematically either have or omit accents. #AppendixDEasternEuropeanEastern European languages: Many Eastern European languages use the Latin script with special characters; in general we require the use of those characters. However, the forms used in period are often simpler than modern forms, as some special characters did not come into use before 1600. #AppendixDDD. Russian: We have registered Russian names using the Library of Congress system, the International Phonetic system, and the Revised English system. These are described in Paul Wickenden of Thanet, A Dictionary of Period Russian Names, particularly: [[3]] #AppendixDEE. Other languages using the Cyrillic alphabet: These generally use the same transliterations systems as Russian. #AppendixDMiddleEasternMiddle Eastern Languages: #AppendixDFF. Arabic: We have registered Arabic names using the Hans Wehr (Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft) system, American Library Association/Library of Congress system, and the Encyclopedia of Islam system. For each, we will also register a simplified form that omits macrons (long marks) over letters and replaces emphatic (dotted) consonants with undotted ones. We also allow transliterations that omit `ayn (`) and (') hamza or that use ' for both, but only if they also omit the macrons and emphatic marks. #AppendixDGG. Turkish: Turkish was written until recently using the Arabic script. We will register transliterations that follow the standards for Arabic above as well as those that use the modern Turkish letters (such as that used in the articles by Ursula Georges). #AppendixDOrientalOriental Languages: #AppendixDHH. Chinese: We have registered Pinyin, Wade-Giles, and the Yale system (these are often called Romanization systems). A good starting point is the articles in Wikipedia; a useful source for the systems is found at [[4]]. #AppendixDII. Japanese: We have registered the Hepburn system, as well as that system with two modifications: one that omits all macrons (long marks) and another that that uses ou for o-macron. A good starting point is the Wikipedia article; another is [[5]].