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1585 - failed English colony at Roanoke, English attacks on Iberian fishing fleets off Newfoundland
1585 - failed English colony at Roanoke, English attacks on Iberian fishing fleets off Newfoundland
=In Norse Sources:=
<skraeling> - ÍSLENDINGABÓK mentions "Skrælingar" (plural), page 57 of this document, and the footnote: http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/IslKr.pdf However, a locative byname along the lines of other Old Norse locative bynames might be more likely.
Additional notes -
* <skraelingr> is a *noun*, so it can't be an adjective. The etymology of the term is really uncertain. It may derive from Old Norse <skraekja> "shout, clamor, din", but the derivation is shaky. An alternate explanation is that <skraelingr> is a "Norsified" version of some native term. The earliest usage seems to be in references to Thorfinnr Karlsefni's voyages to Vinland and Markland, putting it ca. 1003-1005, but these were not recorded in writing until much later. Ari Thorgilsson's Islendingabok is the first actual written instance of the word <skraelingr>. Modern Norwegian <skraeling> is "weakling, wretch"; while Modern Icelandic <skraelingi> is "barbarian".
* The only names recorded for skraelingjar are for the parents of Karlsefni's unnamed captive boys, <Vætilldi> (mother), <Uvægi> (father), and for two "kings" of the skraelingjar, <Avalldamon>, and <Avalldidida>, both masculine. [En sveinana hofðu þeir með sér ok kendu þeim mál ok váru skírðir. Þeir nefndu móður sína Vætilldi ok foður Úvægi.Þeir sogðu at konungar stjórnuðu Skrælingalandi; hét annarr Avalldamon, en annarr hét Valldidida. (Eiríks saga rauða)]
* The term <skraelingr> was used to refer first to the Thule People (ancestors of the Inuit), and later members of the Beothuk tribe (part of the larger Algonquin culture). There is no evidence that the Norse came into contract with any other tribes, and there are only a couple of words of Beothuk recorded from many centuries after the end of the Viking Age.
* Skraelingjar coming to Scandinavia would have been extremely rare, and pretty much restricted to enslaved persons (thralls). Karlsefni fetched back two children to Greenland, but the rest of Scandinavia had much easier slave trade in Irish captives, so going to the New World would have been economically unfeasible.
References:
* Cleasby, Richard and Guðbrandr Vigfusson. An Icelandic-English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon. 1957. From http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oi_cleasbyvigfusson_about.html
* Thalbitzer, William. "Skrælingerne i Markland og Grønland, deres Sprog og Nationalitet". Oversigt Over Det Kongeligh Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 2 (1905). pp. 185-209. https://books.google.com/books?id=9_4LAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA185
* courtesy of GUNNVOR


=Carribean=
=Carribean=
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Incan empire...
Incan empire...


=In Norse Sources:=
<skraeling> - ÍSLENDINGABÓK mentions "Skrælingar" (plural), page 57 of this document, and the footnote: http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/IslKr.pdf However, a locative byname along the lines of other Old Norse locative bynames might be more likely.


Additional notes -
* <skraelingr> is a *noun*, so it can't be an adjective. The etymology of the term is really uncertain. It may derive from Old Norse <skraekja> "shout, clamor, din", but the derivation is shaky. An alternate explanation is that <skraelingr> is a "Norsified" version of some native term. The earliest usage seems to be in references to Thorfinnr Karlsefni's voyages to Vinland and Markland, putting it ca. 1003-1005, but these were not recorded in writing until much later. Ari Thorgilsson's Islendingabok is the first actual written instance of the word <skraelingr>. Modern Norwegian <skraeling> is "weakling, wretch"; while Modern Icelandic <skraelingi> is "barbarian".
* The only names recorded for skraelingjar are for the parents of Karlsefni's unnamed captive boys, <Vætilldi> (mother), <Uvægi> (father), and for two "kings" of the skraelingjar, <Avalldamon>, and <Avalldidida>, both masculine. [En sveinana hofðu þeir með sér ok kendu þeim mál ok váru skírðir. Þeir nefndu móður sína Vætilldi ok foður Úvægi.Þeir sogðu at konungar stjórnuðu Skrælingalandi; hét annarr Avalldamon, en annarr hét Valldidida. (Eiríks saga rauða)]
* The term <skraelingr> was used to refer first to the Thule People (ancestors of the Inuit), and later members of the Beothuk tribe (part of the larger Algonquin culture). There is no evidence that the Norse came into contract with any other tribes, and there are only a couple of words of Beothuk recorded from many centuries after the end of the Viking Age.
* Skraelingjar coming to Scandinavia would have been extremely rare, and pretty much restricted to enslaved persons (thralls). Karlsefni fetched back two children to Greenland, but the rest of Scandinavia had much easier slave trade in Irish captives, so going to the New World would have been economically unfeasible.
References:
* Cleasby, Richard and Guðbrandr Vigfusson. An Icelandic-English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon. 1957. From http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oi_cleasbyvigfusson_about.html
* Thalbitzer, William. "Skrælingerne i Markland og Grønland, deres Sprog og Nationalitet". Oversigt Over Det Kongeligh Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 2 (1905). pp. 185-209. https://books.google.com/books?id=9_4LAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA185
* courtesy of GUNNVOR




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