SENA, Appendix A, Name Patterns by Language Group

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Appendix A: Patterns That Do Not Need Further Documentation by Language Group [http://heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixA] This appendix lists patterns for naming that do not need further documentation. For the patterns listed below, mention of the pattern and of this appendix is sufficient to document the pattern. Patterns not listed here need further documentation, often including examples. For languages not listed here, all patterns must be documented. Bynames in many of these languages require grammatical changes to elements. Those changes are not explained here; refer to the listed sources for instructions on creating the correct forms. Each element within this construction must still be documented. Any grammatical changes must be documented as well. For more information about types of bynames, refer to [B]. In the table below, name patterns are written using a consistent system:

  • N is the given name of the person bearing the name in the nominative case.
  • B, C, etc. are the given names of relatives or ancestors of the person bearing the name.
  • X is used to indicate a place name or region; Y is used to indicate a generic toponym (e.g., 'the woods' or 'the dell'); Z is used to indicate the charge or other name in an inn-sign type location (e.g., star or lion).
  • Unmarked means "using the element – location, father's name, etc. – in an unmodified form as a byname;" marked for bynames means using a term such as "son" or "daughter" often with a modified form of the father's name. Using a modified form of the father's name without any other marker is labeled as "genitive alone."
  • In "order," byname means "any byname described to the left." Pat = patronymic byname; Loc = locative byname

For example, N filius B// would be 'N, the son of B' or 'N, B's son'. //N de X would be "N from X". Boxes that are unmarked and patterns not listed require further documentation to use that pattern. "Rare" means that such names are sufficiently rare that a constructed, as opposed to attested version, of such a byname generally requires the help of an expert in that language to determine if it is plausible. #AppendixAArabicArabic || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Arabic || No || Adjectival; al-//[adjectival form of place name]. || For men //ibn// B "son of B"for women //bint// B "daughter of B" || Multi-generational patronymics; //Abū// B and //Umm// B (where B is the child’s name) || //al-[occupation or description or ethnic group] || No || Yes || Multiple possible variations; see articles below for more information || Notes: Locative and descriptive bynames must match the gender of the person described; see articles below for more details. Diacritics (long marks, emphatic marks, etc.) may be used or omitted as long as it is done consistently; see [D] for more details about transliteration. Please refer to Juliana de Luna, "Arabic Names from al-Andalus" (http:''www.s-gabriel.org/names/juliana/alandalus/) or Da'ud ibn Auda, "Period Arabic Names and Naming Practices" (http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/arabic-naming2.htm) for additional information. #AppendixABalticBaltic || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Lithuanian, Latvian, etc. || Late; 14th cen. and after || || Yes; N B sūnus || || || Late; 14th cen. and after || || given+patronymic given+alias+given given+alias+ given+pat || Note: In late period, some other family names are found, but must be documented individually. #AppendixADutchDutch || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Dutch, Frisian, etc. || No || Phrase; van X, van den Y// or //van derY,// || Marked;genitive alone, or unmarked (see notes) || Brother, wife || May use article //de/den/der/die or may omit it || Early (see Latinized names for details) || Yes; second byname usually a locative || given+byname given+ patronymic+loc || Notes: Bynames based on relationship can be formed with Latinized particles, or with their Dutch counterparts, such as sone/soen/zoen/zone// ‘son’, //broeder// ‘brother’, //dochter// ‘daughter’, and //wijf ‘wife’ (usually with the relative’s name in the genitive case). Bynames of relationship are also formed with the father's name unmodified or placed in the genitive form. For more details, see Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Names from Dutch Records Between 1584-1585" ([[1]]). #AppendixAEnglishEnglish/Welsh || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Old English || No || Phrase (æt X// or //of// X) || Marked, unmarked || || Rare || Yes; using //Cognomento || || given+byname || || Middle/Early ModernEnglish || Late || All forms: Phrase (de X, of X, atte Y, de la/del Y); unmarked, adjectival, inn sign (atte Z, of the Z) || Marked, genitive alone, unmarked || Matronymic, many others, marked and unmarked || Yes, may use article the/le or omit it. || Yes; marked || Yes; all patterns late (these are generally unmarked) || given+byname given+byname+loc given+patronym+descrip given+byname+byname || || Anglicized Irish || No || || Marked, multi-generation || Clan names || Rare || || Yes || given+byname given+pat+pat given+patronym+clan || || Welsh || Late || Phrase, unmarked || Marked, unmarked,multiple || || Yes || || Yes || given+byname given+pat+pat || || Scots || || Phrase (as in English),unmarked || Marked (with Mac or as in English), unmarked || As in English only || Yes || || Yes || given+pat+ loc given+pat+pat given+pat+descriptive || Notes: Old English: Patronymics take form of X sunu/////sune// or //Xdohtor// (X is father's name in genitive); they must match the given name's gender. Alternately, they may follow the Latinized patterns. Locatives use //æt// or //of// followed by the placename in dative form. See the introduction to Reaney and Wilson //A Dictionary of English Surnames for more details. Middle/Early Modern English: Marked patronymics may use Fitz X// or //Xson//; women may use these or use //Xdaughter//. These forms may all use the father's name unmodified; //Xson// and //Xdaughter// may also use the possessive form. Alternately, they may follow the Latinized patterns. Late period family names tend to drop articles and prepositions. See the introduction to Reaney and Wilson //A Dictionary of English Surnames for more details. Anglicized Irish: See Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada, "Names Found in Anglicized Irish Documents"([[2]]) for details of how patronymic bynames are marked. Welsh: See Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn "A Simple Guide to Constructing 13th Century Welsh Names" (http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/welsh13.html) and "A Simple Guide to Constructing 16th Century Welsh Names" (http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/welsh16.html) for more details. Scots: See Black Surnames of Scotland for more details. #AppendixAFrenchFrench || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Frankish || || || || || || || || || || French || Late || Phrase (see notes), unmarked, or inn sign name || Marked, unmarked are more common || widow, other || Yes; may use article le, la, l'//, //les// or //un/une// or omit it || Yes; usually combining surnames using //dit || Yes; second byname is usually locative; double surnames are rare || given+byname given+byname+locative given+byname dit byname || || Occitan/Provençal || Late || Phrase (see notes),unmarked || Marked, unmarked || widow, other || Yes; may use article le, la, li, l'//, //les// or //un/une// or omit it || Yes; usually combining surnames using //alias || Yes; but rare for men; second name usually locative || given+byname given+byname+locative given+byname alias byname || Notes: All patterns in Frankish must be documented. Acute accents may be written or omitted, as long as they are used consistently. Other diacritics must be documented to be used, as they were rare in period. Capitalization patterns are inconsistent, but combinations of lower and uppercase elements must be documented. French: Locatives may be derived from place names, in the form de X// (or //d'X//, if X starts with a vowel); from generic toponyms, with //du X//, //de la X//, or //des X//; or from signs, with //au Z//, //à la Z//, or //aus/aux Z. Occitan: Marked locatives look like those from French; inn sign names have not been found in Occitan to date. #AppendixAGaelicGaelic || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Pictish || || || Marked; mac// B or //filius// B "son of B"; //filia B// "daughter of B" || nephew, //nepos B || || || || given+by || || Oghamic (c.500-c.700) || No || || Marked; maqqas// B "son of b"; //inigena B "daughter of B || || Descriptive || No || || given+byname || || Old/Middle Gaelic (before c.1200) || No || Rare || Marked; mac// B"son of B" //ingen B "daughter of B" || Clan affiliation; two-generation patronymics; "wife of" for women || Descriptive; rarely occupational || No || Multi-generational, descriptive and patronymic || Varied; see articles below || || Early Modern Gaelic (after c.1200) || No || Rare || Marked; mac// B "son of B,"//inghean B "daughter of B" || Clan affiliation; two-generation patronymics; "wife of" for women || Descriptive; rarely occupational || No || Multi-generational, descriptive and patronymic || Varied; see articles below || || Scots Gaelic || No || Rare || marked; mac// B "son of B"//ingen// or //inghean B "daughter of B" || Two-generation patronymics; "wife of" for women || Descriptive; rarely occupational || No || Multi-generational, descriptive and patronymic || given+pat given+descrip+pat given+pat+descrip given+pat+pat || Notes: Pictish: Please refer to Tangwystl verch Mogrant Glasvryn, "A Consideration of Pictish Names" ([[3]]). Oghamic: Please refer to Mari Elspeth nic Bryan, Index of Names in Irish Annals ([[4]]). Old/Middle Gaelic: For appropriate spellings, refer to Mari Elspeth nic Bryan , Index of Names in Irish Annals (http:''medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/). For structure, please refer to Effric Neyn Ken3ocht Mcherrald, "Quick and Easy Gaelic Names" (http:''medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/). Early Modern Gaelic: Please refer to Effric Neyn Ken3ocht Mcherrald, "Quick and Easy Gaelic Names" ([[5]]) for more details on Gaelic names. Scots Gaelic: Please refer to Effric Neyn Ken3ocht Mcherrald, "A Simple Guide to Constructing 12th Century Scottish Gaelic Names" ([[6]]). All patronymics are created using the genitive form of the father’s name. Byname elements may need to have their spelling modified to soften the pronunciation (lenited) or change the grammar. For guidance on when lenition is required, please refer to Effric Neyn Ken3ocht Mcherrald, "The Spelling of Lenited Consonants in Gaelic" ([[7]]). Accents may be used or omitted as long as it is done consistently. Capitalization is inconsistent in period records, but must match a period pattern. #AppendixAGermanGerman || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || German || Yes || Adjectival (common), marked, and inn signs || Unmarked, rarely marked || Women may use feminine form (see notes) || Yes; usually without articles || Early (see Latinizednames) || Rare; second byname is usually locative or descriptive || given+byname given+byname+locative given+byname+descript || Notes: Locatives based on place names use the forms von X//; generic toponymics use //vom// Y, or another form of der; the form //de X// is found before about 1300. Locatives based on generic toponyms, house names or inn-sign names use the form //zum Z. Women commonly used a feminized form of their husband’s or father’s surname, either by adding the suffix –in/-yn,// or used a genitive form ending in //–s/-z// or //-en//. Unmodified surnames were also used. Further discussion of women’s bynames can be found in Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Women's Surnames in 15th- and 16th-Century Germany" (http:''www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/german/womenssurnames.html). #AppendixAGreekGreek Please refer to Bardas Xiphias, "Personal Names of the Aristocracy in the Roman Empire During the Later Byzantine Era" ([[8]]). All patterns documented in this article are registerable.#AppendixAHungarianHungarian/Romanian: || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Hungarian || || Adjectival (vernacular), phrase (de X), unmarked (Latinized) || Unmarked, rarely marked (as B-fi) || metronymics (late period); wife (see notes) || Yes; without articles || || || byname+given (vernacular) given+byname (Latinized) || || Romanian || || Phrase, adjectival (see article) || See notes || || Yes || || || given+byname || Notes: Hungarian: Women often have marital bynames that add –ne// to her husband's complete name. See Walraven van Nijmegen, "Hungarian Names 101" (http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/magyarnames1012.html) or various articles by Kolosvari Arpadne Julia in the KWHSS Proceedings for more details. Romanian: See Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Names from the Royal Lines of Moldavia and Wallachia" ([[9]]) for more details. The article does not document patronymic bynames, but that appears to be an artifact of the (royal) data. #AppendixAIberianIberian || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Castilian (Spanish) || Late || Phrase (de X; del Y// or //de la Y), unmarked; adjectival || Marked (see notes), unmarked || || Yes; usually without article || || Yes; second byname usually locative || given+byname given+pat+locative given+byname+locative given+pat+descriptive || || Catalan || Yes || Phrase (de X//, //del// //Y// or //de la Y//), adjectival || Unmarked or marked as in Castilian || viuda "widow" || Yes; usually without article || //alias with two bynames || Yes; second byname usually locative || given+byname given+given+byname given+byname+locative || || Basque || || || || || || || || || || Portuguese || || Phrase (de X//, //da X//, //do X//, //d'X) || Marked (see notes), unmarked || || Yes; usually without article || || Yes; second byname usually locative || given+byname given+pat+locative || Notes: Castilian: A patronymic byname may be Latinized (filius// //B//) or in the vernacular, usually formed by adding //–ez// to the father's name (and dropping terminal –//o//). Patronyms may also be formed by using an unmodified version of the father’s name. For more details see Elsbeth Anne Roth, "16th Century Spanish Names" ([[10]]) or Juliana de Luna "Spanish Names from the Late 15th Century" (http:''www.s-gabriel.org/names/juliana/isabella/). Catalan: For further details see Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Catalan Names from the 1510 census of Valencia" ([[11]]), especially the surname section. Basque: All patterns in Basque must be documented; Basque names often closely resemble Castilian or Catalan names. Portuguese: A patronymic byname may be Latinized (filius// //B//) or in the vernacular, usually formed by adding //–ez// to the father's name (and dropping terminal –//o//). Patronyms may also be formed by using an unmodified version of the father’s name or as //de B// or //d'B// (when the father's given name starts with a vowel). See Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Portuguese Names from Lisbon, 1565" (http:''www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/portuguese/lisbon1565.html) for more details. #AppendixAItalianItalian || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Italian || Yes; triple names very late || Phrase (see notes), unmarked, Latinized || Marked (as di B)//, multi-generational, unmarked, Latinized || Family names (see notes), matronymics (as //di B//) || Yes; rarely use articles || Early, Latinized only || Yes; patronymic bynames in these patterns are generally marked with //di || given+byname given+pat+pat given+pat+family given+pat+locative given+family+locative || Notes: Italian is incredibly variable in period, with names from Venice, Tuscany, and the south all significantly different. For Venice, see Juliana de Luna, "Names from 16th Century Venice" (http:''www.s-gabriel.org/names/juliana/16thcvenice.html). For Tuscany see Juliana de Luna, "Names in 15th Century Florence and her Dominions: the Condado" ([[12]]) and Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Names from Arezzo, Italy, 1386-1528" ([[13]]). For the south, see Aryanhwy merch Catmael "Names from 15th Century Naples" ([[14]]). Latinized patronymic bynames usually are just the father's name in the genitive form, without //filius/////filiaI. Locative bynames in the northern and central areas normally take the form da X//, but //de X// and //di X// are rarely found. Generic toponymics take the form //della/dalla/////dello/////dallo// //Y//. In the south, //de X// and //di X are far more common. Family names typically modify a patronym or byname by removing the last vowel (if there is one) and adding –i. Unmodified forms are found as well. #AppendixAJewishJewish || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Hebrew || No || || Marked; multi-generational || Tribe name (men only), like ha Levi || ha [noun], feminized for women || || Multi-generation patronymic || given+byname given+pat+pat || || Vernacular || || (see notes) || (see notes) || || (see notes) || || Multi-generation patronymic || given+byname || Notes: Jews lived in a location where a vernacular was spoken (German, Arabic, etc.) Men generally had a Hebrew language name and a vernacular name. The vernacular name may be the equivalent of their Hebrew name or an unrelated vernacular name. Women generally had vernacular names only (often the same as local naming pool). Hebrew: Patronymic bynames are formed using ben B// "son of B," and //bat// //B// (Sephardic) or //basB (Ashkenazic) "daughter of B" Vernacular: Vernacular bynames often follow the Hebrew forms (so mostly patronymic), but are generally written following the standards for the local vernacular. Occasionally, the particles are transliterated from the Hebrew (e.g., "N filius// B //ben C" in a Latin document). Other kinds of bynames (especially locative bynames and the byname meaning "Jew" in the vernacular) are found as well. #AppendixALatinizedLatinized Latinized names are not a single thing; they must follow the rules of the naming pool from which they are taken. Bynames based on relationships can be marked with Latinized particles such as filius// 'son', //filia// 'daughter', //uxor// 'wife', and //relicta 'widow'. These are usually followed by the Latinized form of the person in the genitive case, though sometimes the name is not declined. Locatives can use the preposition de 'of/from,' despite the fact that such usage was not proper in classical Latin. In this case, the locative may be Latinized, but is often left in its vernacular form. In the early Middle Ages, a second given name is often used as a byname; it is preceded by a term like alias//, //dictus//, or //cognomento. In later usage, two bynames will often be connected by these same terms. #AppendixAMongolMongol Mongol names are quite different in structure from European names. All patterns documented in Baras-aghur Naran, "On the Documentation and Construction of Period Mongolian Names" ([[15]]) are registerable. #AppendixANorthSlavicNorth Slavic || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Polish || || Phrase, adjectival (see notes) || Marked, Unmarked (see notes) || Brother, wife, widow || Rare || || Yes; patronymic + locative (N B-ówna z X). || given+byname given+pat+locative || || Czech || || || || || || || || || Notes: Polish: In Polish, i/y/j switches are common, and the use of accents is inconsistent. Names will be registered with or without accents as long as they are consistent. In Polish, bynames based on relationships can be marked with Latinized particles or with their Polish vernacular equivalents, such as B syn// 'B's son', //B brat// 'B's brother', //B żona// 'B's wife', and //B wdowa// 'B's widow'. Alternately, the relationship could be indicated by a suffix added to their relative's name, such as //Bwic(z)/Bwicc// ('son of B') or B//yk///B//ik// ('little B', forming a diminutive). Women's bynames use feminine forms. Most frequently, patronyms are changed by adding the diminutive suffix //–ina/-yna//, or by adding//–ówa// (married name) or //–ówna// (maiden name), making //Bina// or //Bówa. What look like double given names may well be unmarked patronymic bynames. Locative bynames in Polish-language documents normally take the preposition z/ze// 'from/of', followed by the place name in the genitive case. Alternately, an adjectival form can be created by adding //–ski// for men or //–ska for women to the location's name in its grammatically required form. Czech: All patterns in Czech must be documented. Academy of Saint Gabriel report 3244 ([[16]]) gives some leads for documenting Czech forms. #AppendixAPersianPersian Persian name structures are quite different from European name structures. All patterns found in Ursula Georges, "Persian Masculine Names in the Nafah.ât al-uns//" ([[17]]) are registerable. The most common structure is a single given name followed by a locative byname derived from the adjectival form of a placename (usually adding – î to the placename for both men and women). Descriptive bynames are also found. A few examples of women's bynames (all locative) can be found in Aryanhwy merch Catmael and Ursula Georges, "Persian Feminine Names from the Safavid Period" (http:''www.s-gabriel.org/names/ursula/persian.html). #AppendixARomanyRomany Romany are known to have used two names: a private name used only in their community, and a vernacular use name, used in interactions with locals. We do not currently have evidence of the elements or structure of private names before 1600; without such evidence they cannot be registered. In general, forming a name appropriate for the desired region/language where a Romany persona is living (e.g., "A from X") follows period usage. #AppendixARussianRussian/East Slavic: All patterns found in Paul Wickenden of Thanet's "A Dictionary of Period Russian Names" (http:''heraldry.sca.org/paul/) and "Locative Bynames in Medieval Russia" (http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/toprus.html) are registerable. || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Russian || Yes; one Christian, one Slavic || Adjectival, rarely other forms || Marked (see notes) || Matronymics, wife || Yes || || Yes; multiple patronymics (or patronymic from father's whole name) || (see notes) || || Other || || (see notes) || || || || || || || Notes: Russian: The construction of Russian bynames is complicated; see Paul Wickenden of Thanet's "A Dictionary of Period Russian Names" (http:''heraldry.sca.org/paul/) for structures both of individual bynames and for names as a whole. His and "Locative Bynames in Medieval Russia" (http:''heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/toprus.html) is also useful for constructing locative bynames. Other East Slavic languages, like Ukranian and Belorussian, follow similar patterns to Russian; they must generally be documented individually. #AppendixAScandinavianScandinavian || || Double Given Names || Locative || Patronymic || Other relationship || Descriptive/Occupational || Dictus || Double Bynames || Order || || Old Norse/Old Icelandic || No || Phrase, adjectival; see notes || Marked; -son// or //-dóttir// added to the genitive of father’s name || Two-generation patronymic; //Bson Csonar,// wife (//Bkona) || Descriptive, occupational are rare || || Descriptive byname + patronymic or two-generation patronymic || given+by given+descriptive+pat given+pat+descriptive given+pat+pat || || Swedish, Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, Icelandic, etc. || || Phrase, adjectival; see notes || Marked; Bson// orB//sen using genitive of father’s name; see notes for feminine || Wife (using the genitive form of the husband's name) || Rare || || || given+by || Notes: For Old Norse/Old Icelandic, see Geirr Bassi Haraldsson's The Old Norse Name and inLindorm Eriksson's "The Bynames of the Viking Age Runic Inscriptions" are registerable. See Lindorm's article for more information on locative bynames. Accents and other diacritics (like þ, ð, and {o,}) may be used or omitted, as long as the system is consistent; see [D] for more details. For Old Norse/Old Icelandic, by precedent, prepended bynames (nicknames that precede the given name) are capitalized, but nicknames that follow the given name are not. For later Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, Icelandic, etc., the feminine forms of patronymics are variable. Swedish forms include Bdotter//, //Bdotther//, //Bdottir//, and //Bdatter//, while Danish forms include //Bdother//, //Bdotter//, //Bdaatter//, //Bdaater//, and //Bdaather//. Other forms must be documented.Locative bynames take the form //i X// in Swedish, //af// //X// in Danish, for example. The placenames must be grammatically correct forms to follow those prepositions..For details of construction in Swedish, see http:''www.s-gabriel.org/2296. Swedish: Wife (using genitive form of husband's given or full name) #AppendixASouthSlavicSouth Slavic (Serbian, Croatian, etc.) All patterns must be documented. Our sources for South Slavic names are quite limited. One useful source is Walraven van Nijmegen, "Early Croatian Given Names" (http:''www.s-gabriel.org/names/walraven/croat/), which documents the pattern of a single given name followed by a single patronymic byname which is either the father's name unchanged or a construction formed by adding –//ov//, -//ovic//. Other sources suggest –//ic may sometimes be used to construct a patronymic byname. #AppendixATurkishTurkish Turkish names are quite different from European names; they are somewhat like Arabic names, but do not follow all Arabic patterns. All patterns found in Ursula Georges, "Sixteenth-Century Turkish Names" ([[18]]) are registerable.

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