SENA, Appendix C, Regional Naming Groups and Mixes

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Appendix C: Regional Naming Groups and Their Mixes http://heraldry.sca.org/sena.html#AppendixC

Regional Groups:	By Time Period:	Languages Included In This Group:	Can Be Combined With Groups:
Arabic	550-1100	Arabic, etc.	Greek
Italian
Iberian
^	1100-1600	Arabic, etc.	Greek
Italian
Iberian
Mongol (per Sept 2012 CL)
Persian (per Sept 2012 CL)
Turkish
Baltic	550-1100	Lithuanian, Latvian, etc.	German
North Slavic
Russian/East Slavic
Scandinavian
^	1100-1600	Lithuanian, Latvian, etc.	German
North Slavic
Russian/East Slavic
Scandinavian
Dutch	550-1100	Dutch, Frisian, etc.	English/Welsh
French
German
^	1100-1600	Dutch, Flemish, etc.	English/Welsh
French
German
English/Welsh	550-1100	Old English,Welsh, Cornish, Cumbric, etc.	Dutch
French
Gaelic
Scandinavian
^	1100-1600	Middle and Modern English, Middle and Early Modern Scots,Welsh, Cornish, Anglicized Irish, Manx, etc.	Dutch
French
Gaelic
French	550-1100	Frankish, French, Occitan/Provencal, Gascon, etc.	Dutch
English/Welsh
German
Italian
Scandinavian
Iberian
^	1100-1600	French, Occitan/Provencal, Gascon, etc.	Dutch
English/Welsh
German
Italian
Iberian
Gaelic	550-1100	Old Irish Gaelic, Middle Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Manx Gaelic, Oghamic Irish, Pictish, etc.	English/Welsh
Scandinavian
^	1100-1600	Middle Irish Gaelic, Early Modern Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Manx Gaelic, etc.	English/Welsh
German	550-1100	High German, Low German, Swiss German, etc.	Baltic
Dutch
French
Hungarian/Romanian (per Sept 2012 CL)
Italian
North Slavic
Scandinavian
^	1100-1600	High German, Low German, Swiss German, etc.	Baltic
Dutch
French
Hungarian/Romanian (per Sept 2012 CL)
Italian
North Slavic
Scandinavian
Greek	550-1100	Byzantine Greek, etc.	Arabic
Italian
South Slavic
^	1100-1600	Byzantine Greek, etc.	Arabic
Italian
South Slavic
Turkish
Hungarian/Romanian	550-1100	Hungarian, Romanian, etc.	German
North Slavic
South Slavic
^	1100-1600	Hungarian, Romanian, etc.	German
Mongol (per Sept 2012 CL)
North Slavic
South Slavic
Iberian	550-1100	Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Basque, Visigothic, etc.	Arabic
French
Italian
^	1100-1600	Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Basque, etc.	Arabic
French
Italian
Italian	550-1100	Italian, Sicilian, Venetian, etc.	Arabic
French
German
Greek
Iberian (per June 2012 Cover Letter)
South Slavic
^	1100-1600	Italian, Sicilian, Venetian, etc.	Arabic
French
German
Greek
Iberian (per Sep 2012 Cover Letter)
South Slavic
Turkish (per Sep 2012 Cover Letter)
Jewish	550-1100	Hebrew, Yiddish, etc.	Special: Jewish names documented from location X are registerable with (1) other names documented from the languages for that language group and (2) with other Jewish names documented from other parts of Europe
^	1100-1600	Hebrew, Yiddish, etc.	Special: Jewish names documented from location X are registerable with (1) other names documented from the languages for that language group and (2) with other Jewish names documented from other parts of Europe
Mongol	1100-1600	Mongol, etc.	Arabic
Hungarian/Romanian
Persian
Russian/East Slavic
Turkish
North Slavic	550-1100	Polish, Czech, Slovak, etc.	Baltic
German
Hungarian/Romanian
Russian/East Slavic
^	1100-1600	Polish, Czech, Slovak, etc.	Baltic
German
Hungarian/Romanian
Russian/East Slavic
Persian	1100-1600	Persian, etc.	Arabic
Mongol
Turkish
Romany	1100-1600	Romany, etc.	Special: Romany names documented from location X are registerable with (1) other names documented from the languages for that language group and (2) with other Romany names documented from other parts of Europe
Russian/East Slavic	550-1100	Russian, Ukrainian, etc.	Baltic
North Slavic
Scandinavian (per May 2013 Cover Letter)
South Slavic
^	1100-1600	Russian, Ukrainian, etc.	Baltic
Mongol (per September 2012 Cover Letter)
North Slavic
Scandinavian (per August 2014 Cover Letter)
South Slavic
Scandinavian	550-1100	Old Icelandic, Old Norse, etc.	Baltic
English/Welsh
French
Gaelic
German
Russian (per May 2013 Cover Letter)
^	1100-1600	Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, etc.	Baltic
German
Russian/East Slavic (per August 2014 cover Letter)
South Slavic	550-1100	Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian, etc.	Greek
Hungarian/Romanian (per Sep 2012 Cover Letter)
Italian
Russian/East Slavic
^	1100-1600	Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian, etc.	Greek
Hungarian/Romanian (per Sep 2012 Cover Letter)
Italian
Russian/East Slavic
Turkish
Turkish	1100-1600	Turkish, etc.	Arabic
Greek
Italian
Mongol (per Sep 2012 Cover Letter)
Persian (per Sep 2012 Cover Letter)
South Slavic
===Precedents:===

From the May 2013 Cover Letter: From Pelican: New Lingual Mix for Appendix C When Appendix C of SENA was put in place, we tried to allow for the mixing of Old Norse (here enacted as "Scandinavian languages before 1100") with the various locations that had substantial permanent Viking settlement. This month, we have added another area that had that level of contact with Old Norse speakers: Russia. Vikings were important settlers in Russia; even the name Russia is derived from Rus, the name for early Scandinavian settlers. Orle observes that dozens of Viking (here identified using another cultural term, Varangian) graves, including large numbers of women's graves, are found in Russia. As such, we are adding the mix of Russian/East Slavic with Scandinavian for 550-1100. [[1]]

From the September 2012 Cover Letter: From Palimpsest and Pelican: Mismatches in Appendix C [[2]] A couple enterprising heralds pointed out to me that there were further mismatches in Appendix C of SENA beyond the two repaired in the June 2012 Cover Letter. After consultation with Pelican, it is clear that in all cases of mismatch, they should be resolved by making them compatible in both directions. Appendix C has been updated to resolve all the mismatches. For reference, the updates are as follows (all are listed by Regional Group name): Hungarian/Romanian is added as compatible to German and South Slavic for both 550-1100 and 1100-1600; Mongol is added as compatible to Arabic, Hungarian/Romanian, Russian/East Slavic, and Turkish for 1100-1600; Persian is added as compatible to Arabic and Turkish for 1100-1600; and Turkish is added as compatible to Italian for 1100-1600. Please note that these compatibilities were already listed in Appendix C in the other direction; their omission was an oversight uncaught in proofreading. [[3]]

From the June 2012 Cover Letter: From Palimpsest and Pelican: Tidying up Some Typos: It has come to our attention that there are two minor errors in the Standards for Evaluation of Names and Armory. As these were unintentional errors that do not seriously affect the Standards or their implementation, we are simply correcting them. First, in the Table of Regional Naming Groups and Their Mixes in Appendix C, Italian is shown as a compatible Naming Group for Iberian, but the reverse is not true. This is an oversight, and Iberian should be listed as a compatible Naming Group for Italian for both time periods... [[4]]

From the June 2012 Cover Letter - From Pelican: Lingual Mixes in the Standards for Evaluation:

Several questions have emerged about how to use Appendix C: Regional Naming Groups and their Mixes. This aims to clarify these issues. The temporal divisions in Appendix C (550-1100 and 1100-1600) are not two different naming groups. A single regional naming group as described in PN2C2 exists from 550 until the end of period. The reason that we distinguish an "early" period from a "late" period is that the allowable lingual mixes change over time. Thus, a given name dated to 1010 can be mixed with a byname dated to 1500 if both are in a single naming group. On the other hand, an Arabic given name dated to 1050 cannot be mixed with a byname from Turkish, as Turkish is only compatible with Arabic names found in the "late" period.

Additional lingual mixes may be registered, but the combination of name elements must be documented. The Standards say "Names that mix name phrases from different times and/or places are allowed if the name meets one of the following conditions.... c. The name mixes name phrases from naming pools that can be documented as having been used together in the personal names of real people." This is a higher standard than the standard of the Rules for Submissions, in which substantial contact between two cultures was sufficient to allow elements from two languages to be combined. This is in part because "substantial contact" was never well defined, so that the standards had varied over time for how much contact was required. Additionally, decisions varied depending on who had commented and hence presented evidence when the decision needed to be made. Now, European cultures who lived in close contact are allowed under the standards of Appendix C and do not need to be documented individually.

The Standards for Evaluation also remove the problem of "steps from period practice" from names. Under the Rules for Submissions, temporal and linguistic incompatibility were treated as steps from period practice. An item with two steps from period practice was returned, while an item with a single step from period practice was registered. This created confusion, as we defined multiple "languages" separated by time in some regions, while treating other regions as a single "language" over time. Under the Standards for Evaluation, we are not using steps from period practice. Instead, a name (including lingual and temporal mixes) is either registerable or unregisterable. As such, only those mixes that were not a "step from period practice" are allowed outside of the framework of Appendix C.

From Pelican: Some Name Resources (an Ongoing Series) This month, in honor of the discussion of Appendix C, I'm going to discuss the philosophy behind the regional naming groups. They are not intended to be groups of languages that are closely related linguistically. Instead, they are intended to be groups of languages that share a set of names in common. Thus, Welsh, a Brythonic Celtic language, is grouped with English, a Germanic language, because names were borrowed freely back and forth by the 16th century. Likewise, Basque is grouped with other languages spoken in modern Spain and Portugal, although it is not related to them. This is because names were borrowed back and forth. This reminds us, then, that names and languages are not identical: typically "English" names may be Aramaic, Greek, Latin, French, German, Norse, or Welsh in origin, to name a few languages. However, once these names are used by English people, we talk about them as English names. Let us also be clear: just because we allow these naming groups to be mixed between elements does not remove the requirement that a name phrase (a given name or byname) be consistent with a single time and place. [[5]]